Question 1

The social psychological process underlying European colonialism is ______.

Accepted Answer

The social psychological process underlying European colonialism is stereotypes. A stereotype is a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. European colonialism was fueled by the idea that Europeans were superior to other races and cultures, leading to the stereotype that non-European cultures were primitive and in need of European "civilization" and domination. This ideology justified the colonization of non-European territories and the subjugation of their people.

Question 2

Africans, Native Americans, and Aboriginals are similar in all these respects, EXCEPT that they ______.

Accepted Answer

While Africans, Native Americans, and Aboriginals were all colonized, resisted imperialism, and were displaced from their lands, not all of them were converted to Christianity. Some Africans and Native Americans adopted Christianity, but Aboriginals in Australia, for example, did not necessarily convert to Christianity when they were colonized.

Question 3

Which of the following best completes this statement:
"When the white man came, he had the Bible and we had the land. When the white man left ______

Accepted Answer

This statement is often attributed to Jomo Kenyatta, the first President of Kenya, reflecting on colonialism's impact. It illustrates the exchange that occurred: indigenous people ended up with the Bible, symbolizing the imposition of new beliefs and cultures, while colonizers took control of the land.

Question 4

Under the colonial division of labor, the principal colonial powers exchanged ______.

Accepted Answer

The colonial division of labor primarily involved the importing of manufactured goods by the colonial powers and the export of raw materials, including slaves, from the colonized regions. European powers, such as Britain and Portugal, exchanged textiles, guns, and other manufactured goods for African slaves, who were then transported to the Americas for forced labor on plantations. This system of trade reinforced and perpetuated the unequal power dynamics between colonial powers and their colonies.

Question 5

One consequence of the colonial division labor was the ______.

Accepted Answer

The colonial division of labor resulted in the development of non-European nations into primary commodity producers, where they were forced to produce raw materials for European industries. This led to an unequal exchange and dependency relationship between the European colonizers and the colonized nations, as they were unable to develop their industries or diversify their economies. The European countries, in contrast, were able to develop their industries and benefit from the cheap raw materials provided by the colonies.

Question 6

In settler colonies, the settlers used military, legal and economic forces to ______ the natives for ______

Accepted Answer

Settler colonies were established with the intention of gaining access to valuable land, resources and creating economic opportunities. As a result, the settlers used various tactics such as military force, legal maneuvering, and economic pressure to take the land from the native populations. Religious reasons or changing laws against administrative purposes were not the main factors driving the settlers' actions, making options A and B less likely. Option D is also less likely since religion was not typically the primary motive for the colonization.

Question 7

Belgium turned its colonies into specialized producers of ______.

Accepted Answer

Belgium turned its colonies, most notably the Congo, into specialized producers of rubber and ivory. These were highly sought-after commodities during the colonial period, and the exploitation of these resources led to significant profits for Belgium at the cost of severe human rights abuses in the colonies.

Question 8

Resistance to colonialism took many of these forms except ______.

Accepted Answer

Religious conversion was not a form of resistance to colonialism, as it often involved assimilation and acceptance of colonial cultural, political, and economic systems. Resistance to colonialism usually involved opposing, challenging, or rejecting these systems, as reflected in military struggles, labor unrest, and pan-Africanism.

Question 9

Decolonization gave development a new meaning in the sense that it ______.

Accepted Answer

Decolonization gave development a new meaning by linking it to ideals of sovereignty and social justice. After gaining independence from colonial powers, developing nations sought to establish their sovereignty and promote social justice through economic development. This led to a redefinition of development that prioritized national self-determination and equal distribution of resources.

Question 10

The United States led an international development project because it wanted to ______.

Accepted Answer

The United States led an international development project to expand markets and flow of raw materials. This was often done to benefit American businesses and increase economic growth for the United States.

Question 11

When Chicago traders purchased Midwestern U.S. farm products for processing, and in turn sell the machinery and goods to those farmers, they are demonstrating ______.

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of an internalized division of labor, where different tasks and roles are distributed within the same country or region, in this case, between urban traders and rural farmers within the Midwest.

Question 12

Economic growth, as a yardstick of development, is fraught with problems because ______.

Accepted Answer

Per capita income, which is commonly used as a measure of economic growth, only provides a limited picture of actual living standards as it ignores income inequalities and non-monetary activities such as subsistence farming or non-paid household work. This makes it difficult to use economic growth as a definitive yardstick for development.

Question 13

Development was often framed by both West and Soviet blocks as destiny. The endpoint however differs. The West believed in ______, while the Soviet saw ______ as the ultimate goal of development.

Accepted Answer

The West believed in capitalism and free enterprise as the ultimate goal of development, while the Soviet Union saw communism and the abolition of private property as the endpoint of development. This fundamental difference in ideology and economic system was the root of the Cold War conflict.

Question 14

Despite their differences both the West and Soviet bloc shared the modernist paradigm, believing in ______ as the vehicle for development in each.

Accepted Answer

Both the West and Soviet bloc believed in national industrialization as the vehicle for development in each. While there were differences in their specific approaches and ideologies, they shared this basic belief in the importance of industrializing their countries for economic and political power.

Question 15

National industrialization assumes that ______.

Accepted Answer

National industrialization assumes that development requires a linear direction for development in order for nations to catch up with the West.

Question 16

Import substitution policies were intended to ______.

Accepted Answer

Import substitution policies were intended to reverse the colonial division of labor by encouraging countries to produce their own goods and not rely on imports from their former colonizers. This was seen as a way to promote self-sufficiency and reduce economic inequality between developed and developing nations.

Question 17

Brazil and South Korea both adopted import-substitution industrialization but differed in one important respect in its implementation. What is this difference?

Accepted Answer

Brazil relied more on foreign investment than South Korea, while South Korea focused on developing its domestic industries instead.

Question 18

______ is associated with economic nationalism.

Accepted Answer

Raúl Prebisch was known for his advocacy of economic nationalism, which prioritized a country's domestic market and promoted protectionist policies to support local industries.

Question 19

According to the text, rethinking may well require a first step of unthinking development as we know it. This process involves recognizing ______.

Accepted Answer

Rethinking development often involves questioning and moving beyond traditional metrics and assumptions. This includes acknowledging values that are overlooked by conventional development indicators (A), understanding the critical role of ecological balance (B), and recognizing the limitations of values that are solely based on monetary transactions (C). These steps are essential for developing a more holistic and sustainable approach to development.

Question 20

The long-term effects of export monoculture include ______.

Accepted Answer

Export monoculture often leads to a decline in local industries such as African handicrafts, as resources are diverted towards export crops. It also creates a disconnection between local diets and agricultural production, as the focus shifts to growing crops for export rather than for local consumption. Additionally, the reliance on export crops can make local diets more dependent on the ability to purchase imported food, meaning money becomes a more significant determinant of what people can eat.

Quiz 2: Instituting the Development, Project: Colonialism, Anticolonial Struggles, and Decolonization