Question 1

Loretta is scheduled to take a math test. She is most likely to experience stereotype threat if

Accepted Answer

Stereotype threat is most likely to occur when individuals are reminded of negative stereotypes about their group, especially in challenging situations. A difficult test can trigger anxiety about confirming stereotypes, impacting performance.

Question 2

Which of the following is not an example of an effective stereotype threat interven- tion strategy?

Accepted Answer

Effort-based strategies focus on increasing effort rather than addressing the underlying beliefs or identity issues that contribute to stereotype threat.

Question 3

----------------refers to the finding that members of non-stereotyped groups perform better when they are aware of the cultural expectation that members of stereotyped groups will perform poorly.

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as stereotype lift, where individuals who do not belong to the stereotyped group may perform better simply because they are aware of the stereotype that the other group performs poorly. This can be due to increased motivation and effort to overcome the negative stereotype.

Question 4

People are least likely to experience stereotype threat in an academic domain if they

Accepted Answer

Being in an academic program with high standards can create an environment where individuals are evaluated based on their abilities and achievements rather than stereotypes, reducing the likelihood of experiencing stereotype threat.

Question 5

People who evaluate their abilities by comparing themselves to others who perform worse than they do, and so get a performance boost, are experiencing

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described is known as stereotype lift, where individuals experience a performance boost by comparing themselves to others who perform worse than they do. This is distinct from stereotype threat, which refers to the negative impact that stereotypes can have on an individual's performance when they believe that they are being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about their group. Stereotype accuracy refers to the degree to which stereotypes align with actual group differences, and stereotype suppression refers to attempts to consciously override or ignore stereotypes.

Question 6

Which of the following is likely to produce stereotype lift?

Accepted Answer

Stereotype lift occurs when a group performs better because another group is under stereotype threat. In option B, majority group members might perform better on an exam if conditions induce stereotype threat in stigmatized group members, as the pressure and anxiety affecting the stigmatized group do not impact the majority group, potentially enhancing their performance by comparison.

Question 7

Which of the following people is most likely to experience stereotype lift?

Accepted Answer

Stereotype lift occurs when an individual performs better on a task due to awareness of a positive stereotype about their group related to that task. Rodolfo, believing men are better at math, is likely to experience stereotype lift during a math test because this belief aligns with a positive stereotype about his gender group's abilities in math.

Question 8

The personal/group discrimination discrepancy refers to the finding that people

Accepted Answer

The personal/group discrimination discrepancy refers to the phenomenon where individuals believe they have personally experienced less discrimination than what they perceive as typical for their group. This discrepancy highlights a difference in perception between personal and group-level experiences of discrimination.

Question 9

Which of the following has been shown by research on the personal/group discrimi- nation discrepancy?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that the personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD) affects perceptions of both positive and negative attributes, meaning individuals often perceive less discrimination against themselves personally compared to their group as a whole.

Question 10

Savannah is aware that, in her country, women are usually paid less than men for the same job. However, she does not think she earns less than the average man who is employed by her company. Savannah's views reflect

Accepted Answer

Savannah's views reflect the personal/group discrimination discrepancy, which is the tendency for individuals to believe that they personally are less likely to experience discrimination than is the average member of their group. In this case, Savannah acknowledges that women in general are paid less than men for the same job, but she does not believe that this applies to her personally.

Question 11

Which of the following has been shown to reduce the personal/group discrimination discrepancy?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following has been shown...

Question 12

According to research on the personal/group discrimination discrepancy, Janice is more likely to believe she is personally being discriminated against if she

Accepted Answer

Individuals who identify strongly with their group are more likely to perceive discrimination as being directed towards them personally rather than towards their group as a whole. This is known as the personal/group discrimination discrepancy. This can be because they feel their identity is being attacked, rather than just a feature of their group.

Question 13

Researcher X believes that the personal/group discrimination discrepancy results from group-level examples of discrimination coming more readily to mind than individual-level examples. Researcher X's hypothesis

Accepted Answer

Researcher X's hypothesis is based on a cognitive explanation for the PGDD, suggesting that the discrepancy results from the availability heuristic, or the tendency for group-level examples of discrimination to come more readily to mind.

Question 14

According to research on the personal/group discrimination discrepancy, why would people be motivated to assume that they are not being personally discriminated against?

Accepted Answer

People may be motivated to assume that they are not being personally discriminated against in order to avoid the social costs associated with claiming discrimination. This includes the fear of being labeled as overly sensitive or playing the victim, which can lead to social ostracism or negative evaluations from others. People may also fear retaliation or negative consequences for speaking out about discrimination, which can discourage them from reporting it. Therefore, it is often easier and less costly for individuals to deny or downplay personal experiences of discrimination, and instead focus on the perceived fairness and impartiality of the broader social system.

Question 15

One explanation for the personal/group discrimination discrepancy is that people want to distance themselves from attributes associated with their group. Research shows this is most likely to happen if the attributes are

Accepted Answer

The personal/group discrimination discrepancy is more likely to occur when people want to distance themselves from negative attributes associated with their group. This can lead to unintentional discrimination towards their own group while favoring other groups.

Question 16

Which of the following people is most likely to deny experiencing personal discrimi- nation in the workplace?

Accepted Answer

Aoife, who has a high need to belong, is most likely to deny experiencing personal discrimination in the workplace because acknowledging such experiences could threaten her sense of belonging and acceptance within the group.

Question 17

Individuals who attribute their treatment to an evaluator's discriminatory act are likely to be viewed as

Accepted Answer

Individuals who attribute their treatment to an evaluator's discriminatory act may be seen as complaining or playing the victim, rather than taking responsibility for their own performance. This could lead others to view them as whiners rather than courageous. However, this does not necessarily reflect on their competence or willingness to acknowledge their own strengths and weaknesses.

Question 18

Lyndzee, an African American college student, did not receive a scholarship even though she has a high grade point average. Lyndzee is most likely to conclude she was discriminated against if

Accepted Answer

If the selection committee had no minority group members, it may be more likely that they were not sensitive to issues of discrimination and therefore may have unconsciously or consciously discriminated against Lyndzee. The other options suggest efforts to eliminate bias and increase diversity, making discrimination less likely.

Question 19

Yvonne is high in stigma consciousness. On a recent paper, her instructor made sexist comments about her work. When reading those comments, Yvonne likely experienced

Accepted Answer

High stigma consciousness indicates a sensitivity to experiences of discrimination or prejudice, which can lead to a heightened stress response. Cortisol is a hormone that is released in response to stress, indicating a higher cortisol reactivity in Yvonne. Heightened activation in the cerebellum or low blood pressure are not necessarily related to stigma consciousness or experiencing sexism.

Question 20

People who believe they live in a world where they are likely to be stereotyped are high in

Accepted Answer

Stigma consciousness refers to the awareness individuals have that they may be negatively stereotyped, which can impact their behavior and self-perception. This can occur in situations where individuals belong to stigmatized groups, such as those based on race, gender, or sexual orientation. Option A, stereotype threat, refers to the phenomenon where individuals engage in self-confirming behavior due to the fear of being judged based on negative stereotypes about their group. Option B, tokenism, refers to the use of a small number of individuals from a minority group to create the appearance of diversity. Option D, disidentification, refers to the process where individuals disassociate themselves from a domain where their group is negatively stereotyped, in order to protect their self-esteem.

Quiz 10: The Experience of Discrimination