Question 1

The law that regulates criminal conduct for children and youth is based on a ________.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 2

The punitive stance, which in recent years appears to have been increasingly adopted toward young people, is reflected in policies such as ________.

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed (zero tolerance, anti-social behaviour orders, and curfews) are examples of policies that reflect a punitive stance toward young people.

Question 3

There are now provisions in juvenile criminal statutes throughout the world that provide for the transfer of youth to the adult system for ________.

Accepted Answer

The transfer of youth to the adult system is for adjudication or punishment. While some jurisdictions may transfer youth to the adult system for other reasons such as safety or security, the primary reason is to hold youth accountable for their actions and subject them to adult penalties.

Question 4

In 1985, the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Youth Justice, known as the ________, recognized the special needs of young people and promote diversion from court proceedings.

Accepted Answer

The UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Youth Justice, which recognize the special needs of young people and promote diversion from court proceedings, are known as the Beijing Rules.

Question 5

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) ________.

Accepted Answer

The UNCRC emphasizes the protection of children from degrading treatment and special treatment in the justice system (b), and it also includes provisions about the minimum age of criminal responsibility (c).

Question 6

The 2005 Nunn Commission on the administration of youth justice in Nova Scotia recommended ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The 2005 Nunn Commission on the administration...

Question 7

According to the text, the ________ is the most ratified of all human rights instruments but also perhaps the most violated of the human rights treaties.

Accepted Answer

The text states that the UN Declaration on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is the most ratified of all human rights instruments, but it is also perhaps the most violated of the human rights treaties. Therefore, option A is the best choice. The other options listed are not directly related to the topic of human rights violations.

Question 8

Information was presented to the 2005 Nunn Commission on the administration of youth justice in Nova Scotia, showing that approximately ________ of repeat young offenders are living with disabilities, including mental health disabilities.

Accepted Answer

Information presented to the 2005 Nunn Commission stated that approximately 80 per cent of repeat young offenders in Nova Scotia were living with disabilities, including mental health disabilities.

Question 9

________ are examples of courts or programs that apply the theory of therapeutic jurisprudence.

Accepted Answer

Mental health courts and mental health diversion programs are specifically designed to apply therapeutic jurisprudence by addressing the underlying issues related to mental health within the legal system. Teen courts, while beneficial, do not specifically focus on therapeutic jurisprudence.

Question 10

Skowyra and Cocozza's (2007) Blueprint for Change: A comprehensive model for the identification and treatment of youth with mental health needs in contact with the youth justice system includes which of the following principles?

Accepted Answer

The Blueprint for Change includes the principle that youth should not have to enter the juvenile justice system solely for mental health services, as well as the principle that mental health services should meet the developmental needs of youth. However, it does not recommend placing youth in secure institutions if diversion is not possible.

Question 11

The case of Ashley Smith (discussed in Box 5.1) is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

The case of Ashley Smith highlights the inappropriate use of closed custody and segregation, as her treatment in the correctional system was heavily criticized for its handling of her mental health issues.

Question 12

________ is not listed as a main predictor of criminal behaviour and violence.

Accepted Answer

Mental health illness may be a contributing factor to criminal behavior and violence, but it is not considered a main predictor. The primary risk factors are criminal history, anti-social personality traits, anti-social cognition patterns, and association with anti-social peers.

Question 13

Of the following risk factors associated with youth crime and delinquency, ________ is more difficult to change.

Accepted Answer

Impulsivity is often considered a personality trait, which is more ingrained and stable over time, making it more difficult to change compared to situational or behavioral factors like boredom, peer status, drug misuse, or frustration.

Question 14

The findings of research conducted by Andrews and Bonta (1997) indicate that effective youth crime prevention outcomes are possible if programs target such intermediate factors as ________.

Accepted Answer

The research conducted by Andrews and Bonta (1997) suggests that effective youth crime prevention outcomes can be achieved by targeting intermediate factors such as criminogenic needs. This means addressing the underlying factors that contribute to criminal behavior, such as substance abuse, lack of parental supervision, and delinquent peers. Therefore, choice C (criminogenic needs) is the best answer. Choices A (individual characteristics), B (situational factors), D (family risk factors), and E (genetic factors) may be important factors to consider in understanding criminal behavior, but they are not the specific intermediate factors targeted by effective youth crime prevention programs as suggested by Andrews and Bonta's research.

Question 15

Latessa, Cullen, and Gendreau (2002) use the term ________ to refer to the failure of programs that focus on punishment without producing a rehabilitative benefit.

Accepted Answer

Latessa, Cullen, and Gendreau (2002) use the term "correctional quackery" to describe programs that focus solely on punishment without any rehabilitative benefits.

Question 16

The literature on resiliency among children and young people shows that ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The literature on resiliency among children and...

Question 17

Effective crime prevention programs used with at-risk youth are ________.

Accepted Answer

Effective crime prevention programs used with at-risk youth are designed to target crime-related characteristics that can be changed and that are predictive of future criminal activities. These programs are also delivered to those at the highest risk of re-offending and are individualized as much as possible. Additionally, these programs can be delivered by volunteers assisted by trained staff locally. Therefore, both options a and c are correct. Option b is not necessarily a requirement for effective crime prevention programs, although it may be helpful.

Question 18

The ________ model suggests that programs should be delivered in a manner that addresses the specific risk level of the offender, targets his or her specific criminogenic needs, and takes into account the unique learning styles and capabilities of those involved in the program.

Accepted Answer

The risk-need-responsivity model is a best-practice approach to offender rehabilitation that addresses offender risk and need factors, while also tailoring interventions to the learning style and abilities of the offender. This approach involves matching services and programs to the offender's specific risk level and criminogenic needs. It also recognizes that individuals have unique learning styles and cognitive abilities that must be taken into account to maximize the effectiveness of interventions.

Question 19

We know from the ________ literature that not all young people exposed to multiple risk factors become offenders, nor do all young people who often grow up in low socio-economic classes.

Accepted Answer

The concept of resiliency is the best fit for the statement. Resiliency literature suggests that some young people can overcome adversities and succeed despite risk factors such as poverty, family dysfunction, or community violence. Control balance theory and functionalism do not directly address the relationship between risk factors and offending. Social constructionism and Marxism focus more on the role of societal norms and inequalities in shaping crime and criminals, whereas the statement is about individual-level variation in criminality.

Question 20

The Quantum Opportunities Program attempts to reduce the risk factors for youth crime and delinquency through intervening in the field of ________.

Accepted Answer

The Quantum Opportunities Program focuses on both educational activities and motivational incentives to reduce risk factors for youth crime and delinquency. There is no mention of developmental activities in the program's goals or methods.

Quiz 5: Critical Challenges in Hearing the Voice of Youth in the Youth Justice System