Question 1

The first half of the twentieth century is considered the classical management period. It was dominated by the scientific management and the management principles approach. Which of the following theorists emphasized the principles approach?
A) Gantt and Taylor
B) Gilbreth and Gilbreth
C) Gulick and Urwick
D) Weber and Drucker

Accepted Answer

Gulick and Urwick are known for their work on administrative management theory, which emphasized the principles approach to management. They focused on identifying the fundamental principles that organizations could use to improve efficiency and effectiveness.

Question 2

Scientific management experts argued for all of the following except:
A) The efficient design of the entire organization
B) The most efficient way of doing work by individuals
C) The most efficient way of coordinating people within the workplace
D) A professional approach to training through standardization

Accepted Answer

Scientific management primarily focused on the efficiency of work processes and the productivity of individual workers rather than the design of the entire organization.

Question 3

Classical management theory emphasized careful analysis, planning and implementation at all levels and the approach assumed a directive style of leadership characterized by all of the following except:
A) High leader control
B) External focus
C) High use of formal authority
D) Extrinsic incentive

Accepted Answer

Classical management theory, which includes approaches like scientific management and administrative management, focuses on efficiency, productivity, and maximizing output through structured organization and control within the organization. It typically emphasizes internal processes, hierarchy, and intrinsic factors rather than an external focus.

Question 4

The classical management theory causal chain performance goal is:
A) Leader prestige or influence
B) Unit or organization production
C) Leader prestige
D) Follower satisfaction

Accepted Answer

The classical management theory primarily focuses on the efficiency, productivity, and output of the organization or unit, making "Unit or organization production" the correct goal in its causal chain of performance.

Question 5

When considering trait theory causal chain, which of the following is not true?
A) Traits are used in place of leader style.
B) Success depends on maximizing the selection of leaders with certain traits.
C) Performance goals include organizational effectiveness and follower satisfaction.
D) This is a universal leadership theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When considering trait theory causal chain, which...

Question 6

Which of the following is true regarding trait theory?
A) Two leaders can use different traits to achieve the same level of success.
B) It does not tell us when certain traits are critical or can be omitted without extensive situational analysis.
C) The same leader could apply the same traits in two different situations, only to succeed in one and fail in the other.
D) All of the above.

Accepted Answer

Trait theory suggests that certain qualities or traits of a person can make them a good leader, but it also acknowledges that the effectiveness of these traits can vary depending on the situation. Thus, different leaders can be successful using different traits (A), the theory doesn't specify when certain traits are more critical than others without considering the situation (B), and the same traits may not always lead to success in every situation for the same leader (C).

Question 7

Which of the following is not one of the weaknesses of the trait theory?
A) It does not indicate when certain traits are critical.
B) Traits are not behaviors so they cannot guide activity.
C) The same leader could apply the same trait in two situations with different results.
D) Two leaders can use different traits to achieve the same level of success.

Accepted Answer

Trait theory primarily focuses on identifying the specific personality traits and characteristics that are linked to successful leadership across various situations. It does not delve into the behaviors or actions leaders should take, making the criticism that "traits are not behaviors so they cannot guide activity" irrelevant to its weaknesses. The other options (A, C, D) highlight recognized limitations or criticisms of trait theory, such as its lack of specificity on when traits are important, the inconsistent application of traits, and the possibility of different traits leading to similar outcomes in leadership effectiveness.

Question 8

The __________ leadership style in Hunt's synthesis includes the production level which involves administration or operating procedures and maintenance of individual and collective skills and equipment.
A) Structuring
B) Direct
C) Organizational
D) Systems

Accepted Answer

The answer of The __________ leadership style in Hunt's synthesis...

Question 9

In Hunt's stratified systems theory, one of the factors affecting leader style and behavior is:
A) Individual leader capability
B) Organizational position
C) Organizational climate/values
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Hunt's stratified systems theory suggests that leader style and behavior are influenced by a variety of factors, including the individual capabilities of the leader, their organizational position, and the broader organizational climate and values. This comprehensive approach recognizes the complexity of leadership within different levels and contexts of an organization.

Question 10

The transactional approaches to leadership integrated the insights of the human relations school which emphasized the importance of:
A) Top down management
B) Worker replacement
C) General management practices
D) Worker needs

Accepted Answer

The human relations school of thought emphasized the importance of understanding and addressing worker needs to improve productivity and morale, which is a key insight integrated into transactional approaches to leadership.

Question 11

In Blake and Mouton's managerial grid, the manager who gives thoughtful attention to the needs of people for satisfying relationships leading to a friendly organization atmosphere and work tempo is described as a:
A) Team management
B) Organizational man management
C) Authority-obedience
D) Country club management

Accepted Answer

The description matches the "Country Club Management" style on Blake and Mouton's managerial grid, which emphasizes high concern for people and low concern for production, focusing on creating a comfortable and friendly atmosphere.

Question 12

The success of the managerial grid theory is due to all of the following except:
A) It provided an explanation about why behavior should vary from one situation to another.
B) It was the first theory that provided the task-people duality.
C) It provided an excellent framework for training purposes.
D) It provided an overarching ideal of management behavior.

Accepted Answer

The managerial grid theory does not explain why behavior should vary from one situation to another; it focuses on identifying a preferred style of management based on concern for people and concern for production.

Question 13

Which of the following is not true regarding Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership?
A) Willingness to perform a task is based on motivation and competence.
B) Willingness starts on a high level, but decreases when the realities of the job set in.
C) Follower readiness equates to ability, willingness and confidence.
D) Correct choice of leader style depends on task and organizational factors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not true...

Question 14

Which of the following is not one of the strengths of the Situational Leadership Model?
A) It has intuitive appeal and has been widely used in training.
B) The principles behind the model are easy to master.
C) The basis for determining the correct leadership style is broad.
D) It provides clear diagnosis on the style to use.

Accepted Answer

The Situational Leadership Model is designed to be simple and practical, making its principles easy to understand and apply. It emphasizes adjusting leadership style based on the maturity level of the followers, which is a relatively straightforward concept. The model is known for its intuitive appeal and widespread use in training programs, and it offers clear guidance on diagnosing the appropriate leadership style to use in different situations. However, the basis for determining the correct leadership style is not considered broad but rather specific, focusing on the readiness level of the followers.

Question 15

The path-goal theory contingencies that affect the correct style of leadership are related to all except:
A) Experience and training of workers
B) Reciprocal influences between leader and follower
C) Task difficulty and the quality of the job
D) The type of fulfillment workers prefer

Accepted Answer

The path-goal theory primarily focuses on how leaders motivate their followers to achieve goals and the performance of tasks. It considers factors such as the experience and training of workers, task difficulty, and the type of fulfillment workers prefer. However, reciprocal influences between leader and follower are not explicitly mentioned as a contingency affecting leadership style in the path-goal theory.

Question 16

The path-goal theory specifies that the __________ leadership style provides specific guidance and helps clarify the work and provides extrinsic motivation where intrinsic motivation may be lacking.
A) Directive
B) Supportive
C) Participative
D) Achievement-oriented

Accepted Answer

The Directive leadership style, as described in the path-goal theory, involves providing clear instructions, guidance, and expectations to employees. This style is particularly effective in situations where tasks are ambiguous or challenging, as it helps clarify the work process and can offer the extrinsic motivation needed when intrinsic motivation is insufficient.

Question 17

The path-goal theory specifies that the __________ leadership style is a source of stress reduction and provides subordinates with a sense of significance and/or equality.
A) Directive
B) Supportive
C) Participative
D) Achievement-oriented

Accepted Answer

The supportive leadership style, as described in the path-goal theory, focuses on the well-being and needs of subordinates, offering them emotional support and care, which can reduce stress and make them feel valued and equal.

Question 18

The criticisms of the path-goal theory include all of the following except:
A) The propositions are widely scattered over the motivational terrain.
B) It has not provided a basis of leadership training because of its complexity
C) The theory is based on expectancy theory that has not been validated.
D) It is not an elegant theory.

Accepted Answer

The path-goal theory is indeed based on expectancy theory, which has been validated and is a well-recognized theory in psychology and management. This makes option C incorrect as a criticism of the path-goal theory.

Question 19

Which of the following is not true concerning leader-member exchange theory?
A) There are in-groups and out-groups in a workplace.
B) Good leaders create as many high exchange relations as possible
C) The theory does not focus on situational or intervening variables.
D) High exchange members tend to stay within their defined roles.

Accepted Answer

Leader-member exchange theory suggests that high exchange members often go beyond their defined roles, showing more initiative and involvement than what is strictly required by their job descriptions. This contradicts option D, which claims the opposite.

Question 20

Leader-member exchange theory describes three leader styles. The __________ style is characterized by flexibility and support of member needs.
A) Out-group
B) Partner
C) Acquaintance
D) Stranger

Accepted Answer

The Partner style in leader-member exchange theory is characterized by high-quality relationships where leaders are supportive and flexible, adapting to the needs of their members.

Quiz 3: Early Management, Trait, Stratified Systems, and Transactional Theories of Leadership

The first half of the twentieth century is considered the classical management period. It was dominated by the scientific management and the management principles approach. Which of the following theorists emphasized the principles approach?

Scientific management experts argued for all of the following except:

Classical management theory emphasized careful analysis, planning and implementation at all levels and the approach assumed a directive style of leadership characterized by all of the following except:

The classical management theory causal chain performance goal is:

When considering trait theory causal chain, which of the following is not true?

Which of the following is true regarding trait theory?

Which of the following is not one of the weaknesses of the trait theory?

The __________ leadership style in Hunt's synthesis includes the production level which involves administration or operating procedures and maintenance of individual and collective skills and equipment.

In Hunt's stratified systems theory, one of the factors affecting leader style and behavior is:

The transactional approaches to leadership integrated the insights of the human relations school which emphasized the importance of:

In Blake and Mouton's managerial grid, the manager who gives thoughtful attention to the needs of people for satisfying relationships leading to a friendly organization atmosphere and work tempo is described as a:

The success of the managerial grid theory is due to all of the following except:

Which of the following is not true regarding Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership?

Which of the following is not one of the strengths of the Situational Leadership Model?

The path-goal theory contingencies that affect the correct style of leadership are related to all except:

The path-goal theory specifies that the __________ leadership style provides specific guidance and helps clarify the work and provides extrinsic motivation where intrinsic motivation may be lacking.

The path-goal theory specifies that the __________ leadership style is a source of stress reduction and provides subordinates with a sense of significance and/or equality.

The criticisms of the path-goal theory include all of the following except:

Which of the following is not true concerning leader-member exchange theory?

Leader-member exchange theory describes three leader styles. The __________ style is characterized by flexibility and support of member needs.