Question 1

Which of the following would be considered a micro-level coping strategy?

Accepted Answer

Humour is a micro-level coping strategy because it involves using humour to cope with a stressful situation.

Question 2

Which of the following conclusions best reflects researchers' current understanding of how personality influences coping?

Accepted Answer

Current research suggests that individuals with high optimism are more likely to use task-oriented coping strategies, which involve actively addressing and solving the problem at hand. This finding has been particularly observed in athletes.

Question 3

Which one of the following is a conclusion that is not generally accepted by most sport psychology researchers?

Accepted Answer

Most sport psychology researchers agree that there are gender differences in coping strategies, with men and women often employing different methods to manage stress. This contradicts the statement in option E, making it the conclusion not generally accepted by most sport psychology researchers.

Question 4

Which of the following is not a neurophysiological effect of stress and emotions?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not a...

Question 5

An athlete who cognitively interprets a failed attempt at a high jump as a positive is using which macro-level type of coping strategy?

Accepted Answer

The athlete is utilizing emotion-focused coping, where they are interpreting the failure in a positive light, which helps them regulate their emotions surrounding the situation.

Question 6

Which of the following predicts that males and females learn to use different coping strategies to manage the same types of situations through processes like sex-role stereotyping and role expectations?

Accepted Answer

The gender socialization hypothesis predicts that males and females learn to use different coping strategies to manage the same types of situations through processes like sex-role stereotyping and role expectations. The goodness of fit model refers to the degree of match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with. The gender dispositional hypothesis suggests that men and women have fundamentally different psychological characteristics. The role constraint theory proposes that gender differences in behavior arise because of differences in the social roles that men and women occupy.

Question 7

Which one of the following reactions is often referred to as a stress response?

Accepted Answer

The stress response can manifest in various ways, including psychological (emotional and mental reactions), cognitive (thought processes and perceptions), affective (moods and feelings), and behavioural (actions and reactions) aspects. All these responses can be part of how individuals react to stress.

Question 8

Which of the following is not one of the three components of self-compassion?

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem is not one of the three components of self-compassion. The three components of self-compassion are common humanity, mindfulness, and self-kindness.

Question 9

Which of the following athletes is least likely to benefit from expressive writing as a way to help them manage stress in sport?

Accepted Answer

Sarah typically does not express emotion, so expressive writing is less likely to be beneficial for her.

Question 10

A basketball player chooses not to think about the upcoming game against her opponent in order to minimize her anxiety about the game. This is an example of what type of emotion regulation strategy according to Gross (1998)?

Accepted Answer

The basketball player's strategy of not thinking about the upcoming game is an example of attentional deployment, as she is redirecting her attention away from the anxiety-provoking situation. Situation selection involves choosing to avoid or approach a situation based on its emotional impact, situation modification involves changing the situation itself to alter its emotional impact, cognitive change involves altering thoughts or beliefs about a situation, and response modulation involves regulating the emotional response to a situation once it has occurred.

Question 11

A football player who does not know how she will perform in the championship game will likely experience which type of emotion according to Lazarus' core relational themes?

Accepted Answer

Lazarus' core relational themes theory proposes that anxiety is the primary emotion experienced when there is uncertainty or ambiguity about the outcome of a situation. In this case, the football player does not know how she will perform in the championship game, which creates uncertainty and potentially leads to feelings of anxiety.

Question 12

Which of the following would be considered a non-competitive, expected stressor?

Accepted Answer

Non-competitive, expected stressors are those that athletes can anticipate as part of their participation in sports but are not directly related to the competition itself. Finding transportation to a competition venue in a busy city is a logistical issue that athletes can expect to deal with as part of their participation in sports, making it a non-competitive, expected stressor.

Question 13

A university athlete who experiences anxiety over the thought of losing to a rival is experiencing which type of psychological experience as a result of the cognitive appraisal process?

Accepted Answer

The athlete is experiencing a perception of potential harm or negative outcome, which is a threat appraisal.

Question 14

What is an external event or situation that has the potential to be interpreted as stressful known as?

Accepted Answer

An external event or situation that has the potential to be interpreted as stressful is known as a stressor.

Question 15

Which theory states that differences in stress are primarily the result of the different roles men and women play in society as opposed to any inherent gender differences?

Accepted Answer

Role constraint theory suggests that stress differences arise from societal roles rather than inherent gender differences.

Question 16

A university athlete who experiences stress over not being able to play Canadian Interuniversity Sport because she already used up her eligibility is experiencing which type of psychological experience as a result of the cognitive appraisal process?

Accepted Answer

Harm/loss refers to the psychological experience of having already lost something valuable, which in this case is the athlete's eligibility to play Canadian Interuniversity Sport. This reflects a past-oriented appraisal where the loss has already occurred.

Question 17

Which of the following would be considered a primary appraisal in the stress process?

Accepted Answer

A primary appraisal is the initial evaluation of whether a situation is stressful or not. Option A represents a primary appraisal because it involves recognizing a potential obstacle or setback in achieving a goal.

Question 18

Which of the following is often a predictor of athlete's coping skills?

Accepted Answer

Athlete's coping skills can be influenced by a variety of factors including gender, culture, and level of expertise. Gender can influence the types of coping strategies preferred, culture can affect the values and behaviors deemed appropriate for dealing with stress, and level of expertise can determine the resources and experiences an athlete has to draw upon when facing challenges.

Question 19

Which of the following stressors was found from Holt and Hogg's (2002) research with the women's national soccer team during preparation for the 1999 World Cup finals?

Accepted Answer

Holt and Hogg's research with the women's national soccer team during preparation for the 1999 World Cup finals found that all of the stressors listed in options A-D were present. Therefore, the best choice is E.

Question 20

According to Lazarus (1999), cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific external or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the person's resources is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

The definition provided in the question matches the concept of coping. Coping refers to the cognitive and behavioural efforts used to manage stressors that are perceived as exceeding one's resources. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Option B (conflict management) refers specifically to managing conflict situations, option C (logical analysis) refers to using reasoning to understand a problem, and option D (distancing) refers to separating oneself from a difficult situation or emotion. Option E (emotion regulation) refers specifically to managing one’s emotional state.

Quiz 4: Stress, Emotion, and Coping in Sport and Exercise