Question 1

One way to move away from an age-segregated society, and towards an age-integrated society is to __________ .

Accepted Answer

Achieving an age-integrated society stems from age integration theory, which explores ways to move away from an age-stratified, or age-segregated society. One way to do this is through restructuring work prospects, and opportunities to be inclusive to more than one age bracket. The benefit of age integration is seen most heavily among retirees, older women (in terms of financial security), and ethnic minorities.

Question 2

According to Erikson's trust vs. mistrust stage of development, why might a child grow up transferring a feeling of mistrust from relationship to relationship?

Accepted Answer

Inconsistent or unpredictable parenting in a child's first year of life can lead to a child's sense of insecurity, and a basic feeling of mistrust. This core belief that people cannot be trusted manifests over time, including in relationships, whether intimate, peer or otherwise

Question 3

Generativity refers to the feeling of obligation to, and concern for __________ .

Accepted Answer

Generativity, according to Dan P. McAdams, suggests the feeling of obligation to, and concern for future generations. Generativity usually occurs in an individual's middle-adult years, and can be viewed as both egocentric, and altruistic.

Question 4

M. Holden explores impediments to persona, and transpersonal development. Holden posits a major barrier to development is cognitive immaturity, which examines an individual's consideration, and awareness of one's own __________ .

Accepted Answer

Holden identified four impediments to personal/ transpersonal growth, which explore an individual's barriers to development, and identifies reasons for repression. One block to development is cognitive immaturity, better understood as a person's lack of awareness of personal thought processes.

Question 5

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development identifies eight stages people go through in the course of a lifetime. Each stage is connected to a psychosocial predicament that one must work through, in order to move on to the next developmental stage. In the identity vs. role confusion stage, what question might a person ask himself or herself as part of working towards the next stage?

Accepted Answer

The identity vs. role confusion stage of development (also called the fidelity stage) occurs in adolescence and is typically accompanied by experimenting with various behaviors, and roles as a result of asking questions such as "Who am I?" and/ or "What can I be?"

Question 6

During Erikson's ego integrity vs. despair stage of psychosocial development, people seek to reflect back on life. If this stage proves to be unproductive, this means an individual may be left feeling __________ .

Accepted Answer

During the ego integrity vs. despair stage, individuals look back, and reflect upon their lives and accomplishments; this will either leave them with a sense of contentment and satisfaction (integrity), or a feeling of regret (despair).

Question 7

Lawrence Kohlberg moral stages of development are broken down into three distinct levels. The first level is called Pre-conventional Morality, where an individual learns __________ . Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's Moral Stages of Development include three levels: Pre-conventional Morality, Conventional Morality, and Post-conventional morality. In the pre-conventional stage, an individual is introduced to punishment and obedience (learning right from wrong via punishment), and individualism and exchange (through comprehending the idea that all individuals view things differently; there is not solely one view).

Question 8

Erikson's autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage of psychosocial development identifies __________ as an important event/happening during this phase of maturation.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's autonomy vs. shame and doubt typically occurs in children ages 18 months to two or three years old. Toilet training is a central event in this stage and plays a large role in a child's understanding of bodily functions, leading to a sense of independence and control.

Question 9

In which stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory of development is caring for others a main focus?

Accepted Answer

In Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation stage, which usually occurs between the ages of mid-forties to mid-sixties, the emphasis is on caring for others. Caring for others during this stage can be seen through raising children, caring for aging parents, volunteering, and mentoring, etc.

Question 10

Piaget's concrete operational stage of development is known as a turning point for a person's cognitive development. This is because it indicates the start of __________ thinking.

Accepted Answer

The concrete operational stage of development is significant in a child's life, as it implies the onset of logical (or concrete) thinking. This typically occurs between the ages of 7 and 11, and allows for the child to think in a more rational, organized manner. While this logic is new in this stage of development, its implications extend only to physical (or concrete) objects.

Question 11

Smith's thinking has improved with age in some areas and declined in others. This description best illustrates which theory of development?

Accepted Answer

Paul Baltes' selective optimization with compensation theory best describes Mrs. Smith's improvement in some areas of her intellectual abilities and a decline in others. His lifespan development theory states that development is life-long, that it includes both losses and gains, and it is influenced by a historical, as well as cultural context.

Question 12

According to Erikson's autonomy vs. shame stage, toddlers need to begin to assert their independence. Parents and caregivers can either support, or discourage this independence. If a parent or caregiver is overly __________ of the child, the result can be feelings of inadequacy and increased dependence on others.

Accepted Answer

Toddlers learn independence, confidence, and experience security through beginning to explore the world on their own. Parents or caregivers who encourage this independence (perhaps through letting the toddler pick out his or her own clothes) help the toddler become appropriately autonomous. Parents or caregivers who are overly critical or extremely controlling hamper this independence. This can leave the toddler feeling insecure, self-conscious, and often more dependent on others, than a toddler who experiences healthy independence for this stage of development.

Question 13

In 1890, William James suggested that infants grasped only the basic emotions: happy, sad, and angry. Recent research has revealed:

Accepted Answer

James was wrong. Long before babies form their first words or attempt to sit up, they are already mastering complex emotions (e.g., jealousy, empathy, frustration).
For almost a century, infants were seen as simple-minded creatures who only mimicked those around them and were capable of only basic emotions (i.e., happy, sad, angry). Modern research with babies has revealed that infants are capable of complex emotions (i.e., jealousy, empathy, frustration) before their first words or before they attempt to sit up.

Question 14

In the strange situation, an infant who explores her environment independently, but returns to her father occasionally, exhibits distress when her father leaves, and goes to him when he returns, is said to be:

Accepted Answer

In the strange situation, infants who explore their environment independently, but return to their caretaker occasionally, exhibit distress when the caretaker leaves, and go to the caretaker when they return are said to be securely attached children.
The strange situation, developed by Mary Ainsworth, is used as a technique to assess attachment of children. Majority of children are securely attached children who when frightened, seek comfort from parents and/or caregivers and know their parents and/or caregivers will provide comfort and reassurance. Thus, they are comfortable seeking them out in times of need

Question 15

A child whose parents are going through a divorce may experience a myriad of feelings including __________ .

Accepted Answer

Children enduring parental divorce often suffer a range of emotional struggles including feelings of confusion, loss, abandonment, and guilt. Children also frequently struggle with the desire to remain loyalty to both parents, but feel the need to "choose."

Question 16

Genie, a victim of severe child abuse and neglect, did not begin to learn to speak until she was almost 14 years old. Though she developed language, she was never able to speak as fluently or with as much vocabulary as a child who was not subjected to neglect and social isolation. This case gives evidence for which type of development?

Accepted Answer

Though Genie was able to develop language, her language was never as fluent and did not have as much vocabulary as normally developed children, giving evidence for a critical period of language.
In development, critical periods are stages where it is important to acquire skill. Failure to acquire this skill by the critical period can influence later development. Often the skill will be much more difficult, if not impossible, to acquire.

Question 17

What does socioeconomic status (SES) have to do with aging and health? Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

It's true - if money is available for better medical care, better and more plentiful food, plus a wider variety of interests and activities, aging will be a healthier and happier process One of the difficulties of measuring the relationship between SES, health, and aging is that occupation is the key status indicator. With the elderly population mostly retired, they are not factored into the data gathered for economic well-being when the data is based on occupation.

Question 18

Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent diagnosis for children under the age of ten. What is something (besides hyperactivity) a parent could look out for in a child who may have ADHD. Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

There are many other warning signs besides hyperactivity when it comes to the possibility of ADHD in a child. The attention deficit part can often be more difficult to spot than the hyperactivity. Deficiencies in attention can affect a child's ability to complete homework, chores, and other obligatory responsibilities, along with making it more challenging to share, and take turns.

Question 19

Proliferation refers to:

Accepted Answer

Proliferation refers to the production of new cells.
The second phase in the development of human brain, proliferation, involves new cell production inside the neural tube.

Question 20

A child named Ann tells you that it is okay for her to steal a candy bar from a store in order to make her friends like her more. According to Kohlberg's theory, she is likely to be at what stage of her moral development?

Accepted Answer

Ann is at the good-boy/good-girl stage according to Kohlberg's theory.
During the good-boy/good-girl stage, children think that the right action is the one that brings them the approval of others. In the Law and Order stage, a child's moral judgments are based on the rules and laws that authoritative figures have created . In Punishment and Obedience, a child tries to avoid punishments by displaying "good behavior" and obeying the rules. In Instrumental Hedonism, a child believes that good behaviors will lead to benefits and rewards.

Quiz 5: Growth and Lifespan Development