Question 1

Learning may be defined as a ______ change in behavior that occurs as the result of experience.

Accepted Answer

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience, distinguishing it from temporary changes that might occur due to factors like fatigue or illness.

Question 2

Habituation involves learning about a _____.

Accepted Answer

Habituation involves learning to decrease or cease responses to a repeated stimulus over time, focusing on a single stimulus rather than multiple stimuli or responses.

Question 3

If the UCS is subsequently omitted, the CR will experience

Accepted Answer

When the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) is omitted after a conditioned response (CR) has been established, the CR will eventually undergo extinction, meaning the learned response will weaken or disappear over time without reinforcement.

Question 4

It reflects the preservation of the original CS-UCS association after extinction training.

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response (CR) to a conditioned stimulus (CS) after a period of no exposure to the CS following extinction training, indicating that the original CS-UCS (unconditioned stimulus) association is still preserved.

Question 5

The best description for UCS is..

Accepted Answer

A UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus) is something that naturally and automatically triggers a response without the need for learning.

Question 6

In Pavlov's experiment, ___ is considered an unconditioned response.

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's experiment, salivation is the unconditioned response because it is the natural, automatic reaction to the unconditioned stimulus, which is the food.

Question 7

It is a change in the electrical activity of the skin that occurs during emotional stress.

Accepted Answer

GSR (Galvanic Skin Response) is the correct answer because it refers to changes in the sweat gland activity that are reflective of the intensity of our emotional state, thus altering the electrical resistance of the skin.

Question 8

Excitatory conditioning is..

Accepted Answer

Excitatory conditioning refers to the process where a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) in such a way that the CS comes to elicit a response on its own. This results in an increase in the probability or magnitude of a given behavior, which is why option C is correct.

Question 9

The child may expect playfulness only from dogs that look like hers. This refers to..

Accepted Answer

This is an example of discrimination because the child is distinguishing between dogs that look like hers (and expecting playfulness) and those that do not, indicating an ability to differentiate or discriminate based on specific characteristics.

Question 10

If the doctor always tells a child that "it won't hurt, when in fact it sometimes does, the child has no danger or safety signals and may become terribly anxious whenever in the doctor's office. This implies..

Accepted Answer

The statement implies that predictability and knowing what to expect are crucial for managing emotional reactions, such as anxiety. When the child is misled about the pain, they cannot predict when they will feel pain, leading to increased anxiety.

Question 11

Punishment is the _____ of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Punishment is considered the opposite of reinforcement because while reinforcement aims to increase a behavior, punishment aims to decrease or stop a behavior.

Question 12

Skinner box is also known as..

Accepted Answer

The Skinner box, named after B.F. Skinner, is also known as an operant conditioning chamber or operant chamber. It is used to study behavioral conditioning by controlling rewards and punishments.

Question 13

The likelihood that you bring your date chocolate on Valentine's Day will decrease if he or she gets mad at you for offering the caloric gift. This shows..

Accepted Answer

Omission training involves reducing the likelihood of a behavior by removing a positive stimulus or reward when the undesired behavior is exhibited. In this scenario, the decrease in the likelihood of bringing chocolate due to the negative reaction (getting mad) to the caloric gift is an example of omission training, where the positive action (bringing chocolate) is less likely to occur because it no longer leads to a positive outcome.

Question 14

If leaving your apartment removes you from an unpleasant environment, then the time you spend away from your apartment will increase referring to..

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a particular behavior. In this case, leaving the apartment removes the unpleasant environment, which is likely to increase the time spent away, thus fitting the definition of negative reinforcement.

Question 15

When the dog is trained to catch a ball, you can give the animal a food reinforcer each time it approaches the ball until finally the dog mouths and grabs the ball referring to..

Accepted Answer

Shaping is a technique used in behavior training where successive approximations of a desired behavior are reinforced. In this case, rewarding the dog for progressively closer actions to catching the ball until the final behavior is achieved exemplifies shaping.

Question 16

Non-reflexive, voluntary behaviors are associated with _______________ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of voluntary behavior, reinforcing or discouraging certain behaviors.

Question 17

Responding decreases with the elimination of reinforcing consequences during the extinction process of _________________ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Extinction in operant conditioning occurs when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced, leading to a decrease in the frequency of that behavior.

Question 18

In __________ conditioning, the conditioned responses are active behaviors that operate on the environment.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavioral responses. In this type of conditioning, behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on the rewards or punishments they produce, leading to active behaviors that operate on the environment.

Question 19

In _____________ conditioning, the basis of learning is the association of two stimuli, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning through the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Question 20

The expectation that the conditioned response reliably predicts the unconditioned stimulus characterizes the cognitive aspect of _______________ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning through association, where a conditioned stimulus (CS) comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus (US). The cognitive aspect of classical conditioning is the expectation or prediction that the presence of the CS reliably forecasts the arrival of the US.

Quiz 1: Conditioning and Learning Processes