Question 1

Reflexive, involuntary behaviors are associated with ___________ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is associated with reflexive, involuntary behaviors, as it involves learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflexive response.

Question 2

In ___________ conditioning, the extinction process is the decreasing of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus (US), leading to a decrease in the conditioned response (CR). This process demonstrates that the association between the CS and the US can weaken over time when they are not paired together.

Question 3

The evolutionary influence of _______________ conditioning is that innate predispositions influence how easily an association is formed between a particular stimulus and response.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is the correct answer because it involves learning through association, where an innate or natural response to a stimulus becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus. This process shows how evolutionary predispositions can influence the ease with which certain associations are formed, reflecting the organism's adaptive responses to its environment.

Question 4

The evolutionary influence in ____________ conditioning is that behaviors similar to natural or instinctive behaviors are more readily conditioned.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The evolutionary influence in ____________ conditioning is...

Question 5

Behavior is elicited by a stimulus in _____________ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, behavior is elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with an unconditioned stimulus. This form of learning was famously demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov through his experiments with dogs, where a neutral stimulus (a bell) came to elicit a conditioned response (salivation) after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food).

Question 6

Who was classical conditioning developed by?

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning was developed by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, through his work on the digestive systems of dogs, where he discovered that dogs could learn to associate a neutral stimulus (like a bell) with an automatic behavior (like salivating at the sight of food).

Question 7

Operant conditioning...

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning involves the use of positive and negative reinforcement to modify behavior, rather than changing beliefs directly, measuring attitudes, or using paired stimuli which is more characteristic of classical conditioning.

Question 8

Operant conditioning forms an association between a behavior and a consequence. The consequences are:

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavioral responses. These consequences can include something good starting or being presented (positive reinforcement) or ending/being taken away (negative reinforcement), as well as something bad starting or being presented (punishment) or ending/being taken away (negative punishment). Thus, both A and B are correct, making D the correct choice.

Question 9

In Pavlov's Dog's, which of these is the conditioned stimuli?

Accepted Answer

In Pavlov's experiment, the bell is the conditioned stimulus because it is a neutral stimulus that, through association with the unconditioned stimulus (food), comes to elicit a conditioned response (salivation).

Question 10

Classical conditioning can be applied within marketing. For example Coke's polar bear ad campaign. The bears (US) generate positive feelings (UR), and Coke (CS) is associated with the positive feelings that have then become the __

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the conditioned response (CR) is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus (CS), which in this case is Coke. The positive feelings become the CR.

Question 11

Businesses can use operant conditioning to continuously reward consumers for patronage via:

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning in businesses involves reinforcing desired behaviors, such as customer loyalty, through rewards. Reward cards directly reward customers for their purchases, encouraging repeat business. Constant low prices can also serve as a continuous reward, making customers feel they are always getting a good deal. Special competitions, while potentially rewarding, are typically occasional rather than continuous.

Question 12

Which one is not an intermittentreinforcement?

Accepted Answer

Constant low prices are not intermittent reinforcement because they are consistently available, unlike the other options which are occasional or sporadic.

Question 13

Operant conditioning:

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning primarily involves reinforcement, which is used to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.

Question 14

Which theorists originated the Insight learning theory and Social learning theory

Accepted Answer

Insight learning theory was originated by Wolfgang Köhler, who was a Gestalt psychologist, and Social learning theory was developed by Albert Bandura. These theories emphasize the cognitive processes in learning, with Köhler focusing on the sudden realization to solve problems and Bandura on learning through observation.

Question 15

Which theory advocates mentoring, apprenticeship, or on the job training, and internships?

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes learning through observation, imitation, and modeling. It suggests that people can learn new behaviors by watching others, which is a foundational concept behind mentoring, apprenticeship, on-the-job training, and internships. These methods allow individuals to observe and replicate the skills and behaviors of more experienced practitioners in real-world settings.

Question 16

Which of the following assumptions are incorrect, according to Social-Cognitive theorists?

Accepted Answer

Social-Cognitive theorists argue that learning can occur without the immediate presence of reinforcement or punishment. They emphasize observational learning, self-efficacy, and the role of cognitive processes in learning, which means people can learn by watching others and through their own perceptions and interpretations of events, not just through direct reinforcement or punishment.

Question 17

What kind of reinforcement should you use if you want to a response to last without reinforcement long after it's been learned through operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Intermittent reinforcement schedules are known to produce responses that are more resistant to extinction than those trained with continuous reinforcement. This means that behaviors learned under intermittent reinforcement are more likely to last longer without the need for constant reinforcement.

Question 18

A student sometimes got A's on his midterm exams last year when he used his green pen to write the exams. Now he always takes his lucky green pens to exams. How did the student's superstitious behavior arise?

Accepted Answer

The student's behavior is an example of operant conditioning, where he associates using the green pen with the positive outcome of getting A's, reinforcing the behavior of using the pen.

Question 19

A scalloped response pattern, in which responses are slow at the beginning of a time period and then faster just before reinforcement happens, is typical of which type of reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

A scalloped response pattern is characteristic of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule. In this schedule, reinforcement is given for the first response after a fixed amount of time has passed, leading to an increase in response rate as the time for the next reinforcement approaches.

Question 20

What is the procedure called in which reinforcement is used to guide a response closer and closer to a desired response?

Accepted Answer

Shaping is the procedure in which reinforcements are given for progressively closer approximations to the desired response. This method is used to teach new behaviors by rewarding actions that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior.

Quiz 2: Conditioning Theories and Concepts