Question 1

In the context of personality measurement, the ________ is defined as a method for developing questionnaire items that focuses on including questions that characterize the group the questionnaire is intended to distinguish.

Accepted Answer

The empirical method is defined as a technique for developing questionnaire items that focuses on including questions that are effective in distinguishing between groups the questionnaire is intended to differentiate. This approach relies on empirical evidence to select items that are statistically proven to differentiate among predefined groups, rather than on theoretical or intuitive criteria.

Question 2

Which of the following theories assumes that dispositions are the major force behind personality?

Accepted Answer

Trait theories assume that dispositions or traits are the central force in driving personality. These theories focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in personality in terms of traits.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is accurate about Carl Jung's psychoanalytic perspective of personality?

Accepted Answer

Carl Jung's psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes the integration of the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind for full personality development. He introduced concepts like the collective unconscious and archetypes, focusing on the importance of acknowledging and integrating less developed aspects of the self for personal growth and wholeness.

Question 4

In the context of social-cognitive learning theories, which of the following statements is true about Walter Mischel?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the context of social-cognitive learning theories,...

Question 5

According to Freud, the last part of the human mind that develops around age two or three is the ________.

Accepted Answer

The superego is the part of the human mind that develops around age two or three, according to Freud. It represents the moral standards of an individual's personality and is responsible for the critical and moralizing functions.

Question 6

Which of the following Big Five dimensions of personality is best depicted by the description "How planned, organized, orderly, hard-working, controlled, persevering, punctual, and ambitious is someone?"

Accepted Answer

Conscientiousness is the Big Five personality trait that describes how organized, responsible, and hardworking an individual is. The characteristics listed in the question, such as being planned, organized, orderly, hard-working, controlled, persevering, punctual, and ambitious, directly align with the definition of conscientiousness.

Question 7

The ________ layer of consciousness contains all the drives, urges, or instincts that are outside awareness but nonetheless motivate most of one's speech, thoughts, feelings, or actions.

Accepted Answer

The unconscious layer of consciousness, as defined by psychoanalytic theory, contains drives, urges, or instincts that are not within our current awareness but influence our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.

Question 8

According to Karen Horney's psychological theory, neurotically ________ involves consistently needing or clinging to other people, belittling oneself, getting people to feel sorry for "poor little me," and almost completely repressing feelings of anger and hostility.

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney's concept of "moving toward others" describes a neurotic trend where individuals seek approval, love, and affection excessively, often at the expense of their own needs and identity. This involves behaviors like dependency, self-deprecation, and repressing negative emotions towards others to avoid conflict and maintain connections.

Question 9

In the context of evolutionary explanations of personality, identify a true statement about naturally and sexually selected personality traits.

Accepted Answer

Intelligence and creativity are considered sexually selected traits because they can enhance an individual's attractiveness to potential mates, thus increasing reproductive success.

Question 10

Olivia, a sophomore, wants to participate in a soccer tournament. She possesses the physical stamina required for the game. Because her peers consider it a masculine game, she represses her masculine qualities and traits to fit in with her peers. In the context of Carl Jung's psychoanalytic perspective of personality, Olivia represses her ________.

Accepted Answer

According to Carl Jung's psychoanalytic perspective, the animus represents the masculine aspects of a female's personality. Olivia repressing her masculine qualities to fit in with her peers aligns with the concept of repressing her animus.

Question 11

The ________ layer of consciousness is what one is aware of at any given moment in time.

Accepted Answer

The conscious layer of consciousness refers to what one is aware of at any given moment in time, encompassing thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that are currently in one's focus.

Question 12

The ________ layer of consciousness is just below the surface of awareness.

Accepted Answer

The preconscious layer of consciousness contains thoughts and feelings that a person is not currently aware of but which can easily be brought to consciousness. It's like information that is just below the surface of awareness, not deeply buried or repressed as in the unconscious.

Question 13

According to Carl Rogers, ________ is the ability to respect and appreciate another person irrespective of their behavior.

Accepted Answer

Unconditional positive regard is a concept developed by Carl Rogers, a humanistic psychologist, which refers to accepting and supporting someone regardless of what they say or do. It's about valuing a person as inherently worthy of love and respect without conditions attached to that acceptance.

Question 14

Carl Jung proposed that the ________ consisted of the shared experiences of our ancestors-God, mother, life, death, water, earth, aggression, survival-that have been transmitted from generation to generation.

Accepted Answer

Carl Jung introduced the concept of the collective unconscious to describe the part of the unconscious mind that is derived from ancestral memory and experience and is common to all humankind, as distinct from the individual's subconscious.

Question 15

Psychologists use the term ________ when they are referring to the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual.

Accepted Answer

Personality is the term used by psychologists to refer to the unique and relatively enduring patterns of behavior, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual.

Question 16

According to Carl Jung, the ________ is the male part of the female personality.

Accepted Answer

According to Carl Jung, the animus represents the male aspect of the female psyche, complementing the anima, which is the female aspect of the male psyche.

Question 17

In the context of human personality, ________ is the point at which one moves from not having a particular response to having one.

Accepted Answer

A behavioral threshold refers to the point at which a stimulus is strong enough to elicit a response in an individual, marking the transition from not displaying a particular behavior to displaying it.

Question 18

Identify the correct statement about psychological defense mechanisms, which are a major contribution by Sigmund Freud to psychology?

Accepted Answer

Defense mechanisms operate unconsciously, according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, helping individuals cope with anxiety and stress by distorting reality in various ways.

Question 19

Sigmund and Anna Freud described psychological ________ as strategies that the mind develops to protect itself from anxiety-provoking desires, thoughts, and memories.

Accepted Answer

Sigmund and Anna Freud described psychological defense mechanisms as strategies developed by the mind to protect itself from anxiety-provoking desires, thoughts, and memories. These mechanisms include repression, denial, projection, and others, serving to manage internal conflicts and perceived threats.

Question 20

According to Hans Eysenck's biological theory of personality, introverted people have a higher level of ________ than do extraverted people.

Accepted Answer

Eysenck's biological theory of personality suggests that introverted individuals have a higher level of cortical arousal, which makes them more sensitive to stimulation and thus more likely to seek quieter environments.

Quiz 12: Personality: The Uniqueness of the Individual