Question 1

How often should body composition measurements be repeated?

Accepted Answer

Most methods of measuring body fat (such as calipers and bioelectrical impedance analysis) are prone to measurement error. Detection of small changes in body fat percentage is possible due to this error. Thus, it is best to wait 2 to 3 months to recheck body composition to see whether a client has made progress.

Question 2

When is the best time for an athlete to attempt to optimize weight and change body composition?

Accepted Answer

The National Athletic Trainers' Association recommends that the best time to strive to optimize weight and body composition is during the preparatory phase of sport conditioning, the off-season. During the competitive season, focus should be on optimizing sport performance at the highest level of fitness.

Question 3

According to the weight management position statement by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, which of the following components may be included in a discussion about weight management? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics suggests that a discussion of weight management may include prevention of weight gain, improvement in physical and emotional health, weight loss attained through changes in nutrition habits and physical activity, and overall improvement in nutrition, exercise, and other behaviors.

Question 4

In which of these situations would positive energy balance be desirable? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

When "calories in" are greater than "calories out," an individual is in positive energy balance. Positive energy balance is necessary during times of growth, such as in infancy, childhood, and pregnancy. An athlete who is trying to gain muscle mass might also be in positive energy balance.

Question 5

Which of the following factors play a part in determining energy expenditure? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

This value includes not only the number of calories burned with structured exercise but also the calories necessary for physiological processes such as breathing, blood circulation, temperature regulation, food digestion and absorption, and the activities of daily life.

Question 6

During what periods in life are women most susceptible to permanent weight gain? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Some research suggests that susceptibility to permanent weight gain is highest in women during adolescence, pregnancy, and midlife.

Question 7

Which of the following factors contribute to the reasons that older adults have higher rates of obesity than younger adults? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that adults older than age 60 were more likely to be obese than younger adults. That trend may be due to a decades-long slow and steady loss of muscle mass and gain of fat, which translates to a decrease in the amount of calories burned. Other factors include (1) lower levels of physical activity, (2) eating too many calories, (3) certain medications, and (4) unhealthy habits such as lack of sleep and skipping breakfast.

Question 8

Which of the following are part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines recommend that (1) children and adolescents perform 60 minutes or more of physical activity daily; (2) adults should avoid inactivity; (3) adults should engage in 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) to 300 minutes (5 hours) per week of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity, 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) to 150 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity; and (4) adults should do muscle-strengthening activities that are moderate or high intensity and involve all major muscle groups on 2 or more days per week.

Question 9

Which of the following are considered to be consequences associated with obesity? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Obesity affects every organ of the body, leading to serious complications including heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, respiratory disease, gallstones, osteoarthritis, and other musculoskeletal disorders, as well as social marginalization, discrimination, depression and other mental health disorders, and early death.

Question 10

Which of the following strategies might be used to assist an athlete who is trying to gain weight? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Athletes can create a positive energy balance by consuming higher-calorie foods, larger portion sizes, and more frequent meals. Resistance training can lead to more lean muscle mass.

Question 11

Which two components make up the negative energy balance equation? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Negative energy balance typically results from eating less (providing fewer "calories in") or increasing energy expenditure.

Question 12

Which of the following are recognized approaches to weight loss? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

There are four approaches to weight loss: lifestyle changes, which include eating less and exercising more; behavioral modification; medications; and surgery.

Question 13

Which of the following strategies is/are considered healthy and effective in promoting weight loss and weight maintenance? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Attention to portion control results in decreased energy intake and weight loss. Total caloric intake should be distributed in four to five meals and snacks throughout the day, with greater consumption during the day compared with the evening. For individuals who have difficulty with selection and/or portion control, substituting one to two meals or snacks with meal replacement bars or drinks is a successful weight-loss and weight-maintenance strategy. A comprehensive weight management program should include behavioral therapy in addition to dietary and activity changes.

Question 14

When evaluating the research related to diet plans, what factors should be considered? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

When assessing research results, it is important to note the study limitations in addition to the results. For example, most diet research has been on obese, middle-aged men and women. Thus, the results may not apply to younger people or those who are not obese and are simply trying to lose 5 or 10 pounds. Also, most diet studies were conducted over the course of 1 year or less. Therefore, the differences between the diets or the apparent benefits may not hold true for the long term.

Question 15

Which of the following strategies might be an effective way to assist a client who is struggling to lose the last few pounds necessary to meet his weight-loss goal? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

To help lose the last few pounds needed to meet a weight-loss goal, clients should be instructed to change up their endurance routine to burn more calories, strength train at least twice per week, and cut an additional 250 calories per day. People who have a large muscle mass burn more calories and can more easily lose weight when they control caloric intake than someone who has a low muscle mass. When a client loses considerable weight, about a quarter of weight loss comes from muscle if strength training is not included in the workout routine. This helps explain why the last few pounds are so hard to lose.

Question 16

Which of the following strategies would be helpful for a person who is trying to control portions? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Help clients control portions by teaching them to read nutrition labels, carefully measure out servings, eat only one helping, use smaller serving dishes, and resist the urge to "clean their plate."

Question 17

According to the 2012 Institute of Medicine report "Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation," which goals, if implemented collectively, could make strides in obesity prevention? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

The following five goals were part of the Institute of Medicine's report: (1) Make physical activity an integral and routine part of daily life; (2) create food and beverage environments that ensure that healthy options are the routine, easy choice; (3) transform messages about physical activity and nutrition; (4) expand the roles of health care providers, insurers, and employers by providing standardized care and advocating for healthy community environments; ensuring coverage of, access to, and incentive for routine obesity prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment; encouraging active living and healthy eating at work; encouraging healthy weight gain during pregnancy and breastfeeding and promoting breastfeeding-friendly environments; and (5) make schools a national focal point.

Question 18

Which of the following factors may result in a client being underweight? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Being underweight generally results from one or more of several potential scenarios, including (1) inadequate intake to meet caloric needs; (2) excessive activity, which may occur with some athletes; (3) ineffective food absorption and digestion; (4) a disease that increases metabolic rate and energy needs, such as cancer or hyperthyroidism; and (5) psychological stress or depression.

Question 19

Men are most susceptible to permanent weight gain in the period immediately following marriage.

Accepted Answer

Some research suggests that susceptibility to permanent weight gain is highest for men during the period after marriage.

Question 20

Basal metabolic rate decreases most rapidly in women after the age of 40.

Accepted Answer

Decline seems to be most rapid after age 40 in men and 50 in women.

Quiz 12: Weight Management and Energy Balance