Question 1

According to Erik Erikson, a major determinant of self-esteem is children's view of their capacity

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development emphasizes the importance of productive work in the development of self-esteem, particularly in the industry vs. inferiority stage, where children learn to master skills and work productively.

Question 2

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages of psychosocial development indicates that children must learn the productive skills their culture requires or else face feelings of lowliness?

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority occurs during childhood, around ages 6 to 11. During this stage, children are learning to apply themselves in tasks and skills valued by their society. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.

Question 3

The virtue that develops with successful resolution of Erik Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development is

Accepted Answer

The fourth stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development is "Industry vs. Inferiority," which occurs roughly between the ages of 5 and 12 years. Successful resolution of this stage leads to the development of competence, as children learn to master tasks and derive a sense of pride and accomplishment from their achievements.

Question 4

Leonard, who is in third grade, was initially unable to grasp the concepts taught in his math classes. However, with additional help from his parents and increased practice, he was able to improve his math skills. According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, by successfully resolving this crisis, Leonard acquired the virtue of

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the virtue of competence is developed during the industry vs. inferiority stage, which corresponds to the age range of approximately 5 to 12 years, covering Leonard's age as a third grader. Successfully overcoming challenges in this stage, such as improving in math with effort and support, leads to a sense of competence.

Question 5

Which of the following is a characteristic of children in their middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

During middle childhood, children become more aware of their emotions and social interactions, including the ability to feel complex emotions like pride and shame. This reflects their growing cognitive and emotional development.

Question 6

Mark is a 9-year-old boy. Which of the following, if true, would indicate that he has low effortful control?

Accepted Answer

Low effortful control is characterized by difficulty in regulating one's emotions and behaviors. B) indicates an inability to control emotional responses, such as anger, when faced with disappointment, which is a sign of low effortful control.

Question 7

Holden is 10 years old and finds it easy to curb negative feelings and behavior. When his parents forbid him from doing certain things, such as watching television, he is able to hold back his irritation. This indicates that he has

Accepted Answer

Effortful control refers to the ability to regulate one's emotions and actions, especially in situations that require discipline or restraint. Holden's ability to manage his irritation and control his behavior when faced with restrictions indicates a high level of effortful control.

Question 8

During middle childhood, children

Accepted Answer

During middle childhood, children's emotional and social development often includes an increase in empathy, which is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. This period is marked by significant growth in social understanding and emotional skills, including better recognition of others' emotions and situations, leading to more empathic responses.

Question 9

The transitional stage of coregulation occurs during

Accepted Answer

The transitional stage of coregulation, where parents and children share power and control, typically occurs during middle childhood. This period allows for a gradual shift in autonomy from parent to child.

Question 10

Eight-year-old Stephanie is beginning to internalize the values of her parents and society. Although her parents supervise her behavior, they allow her to have periods of self-supervision. This sharing of power between Stephanie and her parents is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Coregulation refers to a transitional stage in parenting where parents supervise and guide their child's behavior while also allowing the child to have periods of self-supervision, reflecting a sharing of power between the child and the parents. This concept fits the description given for Stephanie's situation.

Question 11

Which of the following is true of coregulation?

Accepted Answer

Coregulation marks a transition in the parent-child relationship where parents adjust their approaches to discipline, allowing for more mutual negotiation and recognition of the child's growing autonomy. This shift reflects an evolving dynamic that balances parental guidance with the child's increasing capacity for self-regulation.

Question 12

Which of the following scenarios illustrates internalizing behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Internalizing behaviors are characterized by inward-directed behaviors and emotional problems, such as depression, anxiety, and social withdrawal. Meghan becoming depressed after her parents decide to file for divorce is an example of an internalizing behavior, as it involves an inward-focused emotional response.

Question 13

Nyle is a 12-year-old boy. His father is an alcoholic, and his family atmosphere is filled with bitterness. His father assaults him and his mother. At school, he bullies younger children and often gets into fights with children of his age. Nyle is likely to be exhibiting

Accepted Answer

Nyle's actions, such as bullying younger children and getting into fights, are examples of externalizing behaviors, which are outward behaviors that are aggressive and disruptive. These behaviors are often a response to emotional distress or environmental stressors.

Question 14

Identify a true statement about the impact of the type of care children receive before and/or after school.

Accepted Answer

Children enrolled in high-quality child care programs often exhibit positive outcomes, including declines in drug use, due to the structured environment and supportive care they receive.

Question 15

Which of the following is true of children living in poverty?

Accepted Answer

Children living with single mothers are indeed more likely to experience poverty than those living with married couples. This is due to factors such as single incomes, potential for lower household income, and the challenges single parents may face in balancing work and childcare responsibilities.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true about poverty and children?

Accepted Answer

Effective parenting can indeed buffer children from some of the negative effects of low socioeconomic status, such as providing emotional support, stability, and access to resources and opportunities that can mitigate the impact of poverty.

Question 17

Which of the following is true about the relationship between family structure and children?

Accepted Answer

Family instability, such as frequent changes in family structure, can be more harmful to children's well-being and development than the specific type of family structure they live in.

Question 18

In the context of parenting, which of the following is true of divorce?

Accepted Answer

Divorce often leads to emotional or behavioral issues in children, which can be exacerbated by the level of conflict between parents before the separation. Studies have shown that the pre-divorce environment, including the amount of parental conflict children are exposed to, can significantly affect their well-being post-divorce.

Question 19

According to Strohschein (2012), compared with children whose parents stay married, children whose parents later divorce are

Accepted Answer

Strohschein (2012) found that children whose parents later divorce are more likely to show signs of anxiety before the divorce, indicating that the stress and conflict leading up to a divorce can impact children even before the divorce occurs.

Question 20

Compared with younger children of divorce, older children

Accepted Answer

Older children of divorce are more likely to experience academic difficulties, such as lower grades and higher dropout rates.

Quiz 13: Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood