Question 1

Which philosophical orientation of punishment is often referred to as the "eye for an eye" mentality?

Accepted Answer

The "eye for an eye" mentality is associated with retribution, which focuses on punishment as a form of moral vengeance for the wrong committed.

Question 2

Which philosophical orientation of punishment is the justification for punishment by the concept of lex talionis?

Accepted Answer

The concept of lex talionis, which is often summarized as "an eye for an eye," aligns with the retribution philosophy of punishment. This orientation holds that punishment is justified as a means of imposing a penalty on the offender that is deserved for the crime committed.

Question 3

Which model of punishment is grounded in the idea that, regardless of any secondary purpose that punishment might be intended to serve, it is right to punish offenders because justice demands it?

Accepted Answer

Retribution is the model of punishment that is based on the principle of justice, asserting that offenders deserve to be punished for their crimes. It emphasizes that punishment is morally justified as a response to the wrongdoing, without necessarily aiming for the rehabilitation of the offender or the deterrence of future crimes.

Question 4

______ involves the concept that offenders committing a crime should be punished in a way that is equal to the severity of the crime they committed.

Accepted Answer

Retribution is the principle that suggests offenders should be punished with a severity that matches the crime they committed. It is based on the idea of "just deserts," meaning people deserve to be treated in a manner consistent with their actions, particularly in the context of criminal justice.

Question 5

Retribution is ______ revenge that is tempered with proportionality and enacted by a neutral party.

Accepted Answer

Retribution is a form of revenge that is constrained by proportionality, meaning it is measured and appropriate to the wrongdoing, and it is typically carried out by a neutral party, such as the legal system, rather than by the individual who was wronged.

Question 6

______ is implemented by identifying inmates who are of particular concern to public safety and by providing those specific offenders with much longer sentences than would be given to other inmates.

Accepted Answer

Selective incapacitation focuses on identifying and incapacitating individuals who are deemed to pose a significant risk to public safety by imposing longer sentences on them compared to others.

Question 7

______ is a punishment to a particular offender in the hope that he or she will be discouraged from committing future crimes.

Accepted Answer

Specific deterrence aims to discourage the particular offender from committing future crimes by imposing a punishment that makes the cost of committing the crime outweigh the benefits.

Question 8

______ is the concept of punishing an offender in public so that other observers will refrain from future criminal behavior.

Accepted Answer

General deterrence is the concept where punishment is given to an individual to serve as an example to the general public, with the aim of deterring others from committing similar offenses.

Question 9

What is a notion that distinguishes between the circumstances of the possible punishment and the life experience of the person who is likely to get punished?

Accepted Answer

The contrast effect is a notion that distinguishes between the circumstances of the possible punishment and the life experience of the person who is likely to get punished. It suggests that the impact of punishment is influenced by how it contrasts with the individual's normal life experiences.

Question 10

Which model of punishment argues that offenders will be deterred from reoffending due to their having worthwhile stakes in legitimate society?

Accepted Answer

Rehabilitation focuses on reforming the offender so that they can return to society as a productive member, thereby creating stakes in legitimate societal activities that they would not want to jeopardize by reoffending.

Question 11

The primary purpose of which model of punishment is solely the recovery of the offender, regardless of the crime that was committed?

Accepted Answer

The rehabilitation model of punishment focuses on the recovery of the offender, aiming to help them reintegrate into society by addressing the underlying issues that led to their criminal behavior.

Question 12

Sentencing schemes under a rehabilitation orientation would be ______.

Accepted Answer

Sentencing schemes under a rehabilitation orientation are typically indeterminate, allowing for flexibility in the duration of incarceration based on the individual's progress in rehabilitation. This contrasts with determinate and mandatory sentencing, which set fixed terms.

Question 13

What focuses on restoring the health of the community, repairing the harm done, meeting victims' needs, and emphasizing that the offender can and must contribute to those repairs?

Accepted Answer

Intervention focuses on restoring the health of the community, repairing harm, meeting victims' needs, and involving the offender in making amends. This approach is often associated with restorative justice principles.

Question 14

______ is focused on the reentry of the offender into society. The ultimate goal of these programs is to connect offenders to legitimate areas of society in a manner that is gainful and productive.

Accepted Answer

Reintegration programs are designed to help offenders re-enter society in a productive manner, aiming to connect them with legitimate societal roles and reduce recidivism.

Question 15

While efforts do emphasize offender accountability, the use of ______ processes is focused on ensuring that the offender has a maximal set of circumstances that, at least initially, diminish the need or desire to engage in crime by cultivating the connections that the offender has to legitimate society.

Accepted Answer

Reintegration processes aim to help offenders reintegrate into society by strengthening their connections to the community and reducing their inclination to commit further crimes.

Question 16

In 2005, the Court held in ______ that federal judges no longer were required to follow the sentencing guidelines that had been in effect since 1987.

Accepted Answer

In United States v. Booker (2005), the Supreme Court ruled that the mandatory nature of the sentencing guidelines violated the Sixth Amendment, making the guidelines advisory rather than mandatory.

Question 17

What refers to any broad array of sentencing and punishment options that range from simple fines to incarceration and ultimately end with the death penalty?

Accepted Answer

The term "continuum of sanctions" refers to the wide range of sentencing and punishment options available within the criminal justice system, which can vary from less severe penalties like fines to more severe ones such as incarceration and the death penalty. This spectrum allows for flexibility in sentencing based on the severity of the crime, the circumstances surrounding it, and the offender's background.

Question 18

______ criminologists appealed to the use of reason in applying punishments, and that is precisely what a continuum seeks to achieve.

Accepted Answer

Classical criminologists advocated for the application of reason and proportionality in the administration of punishments, aligning with the principles of a continuum that seeks to ensure punishments are rational and appropriate.

Question 19

The purpose of ______ is to make available a continuum of sanctions scaled around one or more sanctioning goals.

Accepted Answer

Intermediate sanctions are designed to fill the gap between traditional probation and incarceration, offering a range of punitive options that can be tailored to the severity of the crime and the needs of the offender.

Question 20

Though the majority of offenders under supervision are on community supervision, the ______ type of sentence still draws public interest due to its ominous nature.

Accepted Answer

Incarcerative sentences, which involve imprisonment, draw public interest due to their severe and ominous nature, contrasting with community-based sentences like probation or parole.

Quiz 2: Ideological and Theoretical Underpinnings to Sentencing and Correctional Policy