Question 1

How is disease defined?

Accepted Answer

Disease may be defined as the failure of a person's adaptive mechanisms to counteract stimuli and stresses adequately, resulting in functional or structural disturbances. This definition is an ecological concept of disease, which uses multiple factors to determine the cause of disease, rather than describing a single cause. Disease and illness are not synonymous.

Question 2

The 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion document provides a blueprint for health promotion in Canada. Which of the following statements is correct concerning this model?

Accepted Answer

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion provides a blueprint for health promotion in Canada. Within this model, health promotion is depicted as the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.

Question 3

Which of the following is a tool used to measure quality of life?

Accepted Answer

Multiple tools are available for measuring quality of life, including a general measure established by the World Health Organization Quality of Life, WHOQOL-BREF and the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire for use at the end of life. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion provides a framework for health promotion, rather than measuring quality of life.

Question 4

Which Canadian report is considered to be a landmark document in creating a global approach to health?

Accepted Answer

By the mid-1980s, Canada became a world leader in the formulation of health-promotion ideals and strategies, particularly with the unveiling of the Framework for Health Promotion in Canada at the first World Health Organization (WHO) conference on health promotion in Ottawa. The overall goal of "achieving health for all" in this report identifies three health challenges: reducing inequities, increasing prevention, and enhancing coping. The three health-promotion mechanisms to address these challenges are self-care, mutual aid, and healthy environments. The final component of the framework consists of three implementation strategies: fostering public participation, strengthening community health services; and coordinating health public policy.
Healthy People 2020 is a US-based document to guide planning for health care. The WHO Quality of Life tool is a quality of life measurement tool used by health care workers. The Population Health Promotion Model was developed to provide an overall framework to guide health promotion by blending both health promotion and population health concepts.

Question 5

Which of the following is one of the three programs that the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) is focused on for improving the health of Canadians?

Accepted Answer

The aim of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) is to promote and protect the health of Canadians through leadership, partnership, innovation, and action in public health. Among the agency's recent plans are three programs: public health infrastructure; health promotion and disease prevention; and health security. Choices A, C, and D are possible strategies to achieve the goals of this program.

Question 6

In order to promote health and prevent illness, disease, and disabilities, various levels of prevention are used in nursing practice. Health promotion fits as a strategy under the umbrella of primary prevention. Which of the following is an example of primary prevention?

Accepted Answer

Primary prevention refers to the timeline before disease occurs. Examples include healthy eating and activity-based school programs, reduction of sodium in the food supply, and specific protection from diseases by immunization such as hepatitis B. Teaching how to give insulin and encouraging women to have mammograms are examples of secondary prevention. Rehabilitation for a stroke is an example of tertiary prevention.

Question 7

Secondary prevention is focused on averting or delaying the consequences of advanced disease. Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention?

Accepted Answer

Secondary prevention ranges from providing screening activities and treating early stages of disease to limiting disability by averting or delaying the consequences of advanced disease. Screening is secondary prevention because the principal goal is to identify individuals in an early, detectable stage of the disease process.

Question 8

Tertiary prevention activities are focused on helping people to attain and retain an optimal level of functioning. Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention activities?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent or irreversible. The process involves minimizing the effects of disease and disability by surveillance and maintenance activities that are aimed at preventing complications and deterioration. Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation to help people attain and retain an optimal level of functioning, regardless of their disabling condition.

Question 9

Which of the following are solution-focused directions when using the population health promotion model (PHPM)? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

The population health promotion model (PHPM) assists in identifying the socioenvironmental "who, what, how, and why" of a health-promotion activity. Specifically, one must determine at which level of society to take action (the "who" of the PHPM), the social determinants of health to act upon (the "what"), the appropriate Ottawa Charter action area (the "how"), and the best available evidence to make decisions (the "why"). Using the model results in a more all-encompassing view of the problem and leads to better solutions. Such an approach promotes upstream thinking that focuses on strategies to address economic and social factors by removing barriers and improving supports to allow people to reach their full potential. Solutions can be focused in two main directions: with individuals and families, or at community and governmental levels of involvement.

Question 10

Which of the following interventions address both the population health promotion model (PHPM) indicators and the overall goals of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

Establishing a new park with a well-lit walking track, establishing a smoking cessation campaign, and providing free condoms at all federally funded health clinics address the population health promotion model (PHPM) indicators as well as the overall goals of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. A park, smoking cessation campaign, and free condoms address the themes of promoting health and preventing disease and the goal of increasing quality and years of healthy life.
Providing reduced-cost transportation passes to senior citizens may indirectly affect the health of this population; however, it is not directly related to the population health promotion model (PHPM) indicators and the overall goals of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.

Quiz 1: Health Defined: Health Promotion, Preventi