Question 1

A biopsychosocial perspective for goal setting based on the ICF-CY framework (WHO, 2007) captures:

Accepted Answer

The ICF-CY framework includes functioning and disability (Body Structures, Body Functions, Activities, and Participation) and contextual factors (Environmental and Personal Factors), aligning with the biopsychosocial model.

Question 2

An operationally defined long-term speech goal for Franklin (4;1 years), who has a moderate-severe phonological impairment, captures:

Accepted Answer

An operationally defined long-term speech goal includes the behavior to be learned, the task used to measure the behavior, who will conduct the measurement, where measurement will take place, criterion, and the total expected duration of intervention.

Question 3

Stimulus generalization is evident when:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Stimulus generalization is evident when:
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Question 4

Olive (4;5 years) is a monolingual English-speaking girl. She has a moderate-severe phonological impairment and has been receiving intervention targeting cluster reduction. An improvement on a phonological generalization probe suggests that Olive is:

Accepted Answer

Generalization to non-treatment words containing non-treatment clusters indicates that Olive is applying the phonological rules and patterns she has learned in therapy to words that were not directly targeted during her intervention sessions. This suggests an understanding and application of phonological concepts beyond the specific examples used in therapy.

Question 5

If a child is showing between-domain generalization, this means the child is:

Accepted Answer

Between-domain generalization refers to the transfer of skills from one area of language to another, such as from morphosyntax to phonology.

Question 6

The traditional developmental approach to target selection prioritizes:

Accepted Answer

The traditional developmental approach focuses on selecting phonemes that are earlier developing and stimulable, as these are typically easier for children to learn and produce.

Question 7

The complexity approach to target selection prioritizes:

Accepted Answer

The complexity approach to target selection in speech therapy prioritizes consonants and/or consonant clusters that reflect the least knowledge, as targeting these can lead to broader generalization and more significant improvements in speech.

Question 8

Olive (4;5 years) is a monolingual English-speaking girl. She has a moderate-severe phonological impairment characterized by various phonological processes including cluster reduction. Olive has no knowledge of word-initial consonant clusters. You decide to use a complexity approach to target selection and prioritize true consonant clusters with small sonority difference scores. Which of the following consonant clusters reflects that priority?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Olive (4;5 years) is a monolingual English-speaking...

Question 9

Hodson's (2007) primary target patterns include:

Accepted Answer

Hodson's (2007) primary target patterns include anterior-posterior contrasts, /s/ clusters, liquids, and word structures.

Question 10

When prioritizing the order of primary target patterns in Hodson's (2007) cycles approach, the primary pattern selected first is:

Accepted Answer

In Hodson's cycles approach, the primary pattern selected first is the one with the best stimulability or readiness. This is because selecting a pattern that the child is already somewhat able to produce allows for immediate success, which can motivate further learning and improvement in speech.

Question 11

In Hodson's (2007) cycles approach to target selection, the criterion for moving on from one primary target pattern to another primary target pattern is a:

Accepted Answer

Hodson's cycles approach uses a time-based criterion where each stimulable phoneme within a pattern is targeted for 60 minutes before moving on to the next target.

Question 12

In William's (2003) systemic approach to analysis and target selection, the parameter of maximal classification means that the three or four targets selected from a phoneme collapse:

Accepted Answer

In William's systemic approach, the parameter of maximal classification involves selecting targets that are maximally distinct from each other in terms of manner, place, and voicing characteristics. This ensures a broad and diverse range of phonetic contrasts for therapy.

Question 13

In Williams' (2003) systemic approach to analysis and target selection, the parameter of maximal distinction means that the three or four targets selected from a phoneme collapse need to be:

Accepted Answer

The parameter of maximal distinction involves selecting targets that are maximally distinct from the child's errors in all aspects of phonological features (place, voice, manner, and linguistic unit) without considering the complexity status, such as whether the sounds are stimulable, marked, or whether they are early or later developing sounds. This approach is based on the idea that targeting phonemes that are very different from the errors can lead to broader generalization and more efficient therapy.

Question 14

Bernhardt and Stemberger's (2000) approach to goal identification from a nonlinear perspective focuses on:

Accepted Answer

Bernhardt and Stemberger's approach emphasizes addressing both segmental and prosodic tiers, suggesting a comprehensive view of phonological development that includes multiple types of goals.

Question 15

According to Hodson (2007), the following phonological patterns considered to be inappropriate targets for preschool-aged children, as part of the cycles approach are:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Hodson (2007), the following phonological...

Question 16

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

Jarrod (7;0 years) has inconsistent speech disorder. The most suitable intervention goal targeting speech production would be:

Accepted Answer

Lexical consistency is important for children with inconsistent speech disorder as it focuses on producing the same word in the same way each time, which helps in stabilizing their speech production.

Question 18

Jenny (2;3) a monolingual English-speaking girl. She has limited expressive language and suspected childhood apraxia of speech. She has three vowels and no true consonants. A helpful first speech intervention target for Jenny would be:

Accepted Answer

Glide sounds (like /w/ and /j/) are easier for children to produce and can be a good starting point for children with limited consonant sounds, like Jenny. CV (consonant-vowel) syllables are basic units of speech that are simpler and thus more accessible for children with expressive language limitations and suspected apraxia.

Question 19

Ludwig (7;3 years) is multilingual-he speaks English and German. Ludwig has childhood apraxia of speech. His phonetic inventory for both languages is relatively complete, however, words of increasing length are challenging and show dysprosody. A speech goal for Ludwig would most likely be to:

Accepted Answer

Given Ludwig's difficulty with words of increasing length and dysprosody, a goal to increase his word lengths from monosyllables to di- and polysyllables with a variety of lexical stress patterns addresses both the challenge of managing longer words and the issue of dysprosody, which involves rhythm and stress in speech.

Question 20

Xiaobo (8;3 years) is multilingual-he speaks English and Mandarin. Xiaobo has childhood dysarthria associated with cerebral palsy. His speech is highly unintelligible. A helpful goal for improving Xiaobo's speech intelligibility could be:

Accepted Answer

Improving respiratory support and breath control can enhance speech intelligibility by providing better volume and clarity, which is crucial for someone with dysarthria.

Quiz 10: Goal Setting