Question 1

Amala, Kamala, and Victor are children who were abandoned or lost and left to raise themselves in the wild. The best summary of their outcomes is

Accepted Answer

Human children raised outside of human culture, as demonstrated in the cases of children like Amala, Kamala, and Victor, often do not develop normal human capacities. This includes significant deficits in language, social interaction, and other cognitive abilities, highlighting the importance of social and cultural context in human development.

Question 2

Researchers interested in the innate underpinnings of social behaviours such as caregiving, altruism, and dominance hierarchies, are probably aligned with the __________ approach.

Accepted Answer

The evolutionary approach focuses on how behaviors have developed and been shaped by evolutionary processes, including natural selection. This approach is interested in understanding how certain behaviors, such as caregiving, altruism, and dominance hierarchies, may have contributed to survival and reproductive success, suggesting these behaviors have innate underpinnings.

Question 3

According to the evolutionary approach to the family, parents are especially likely to engage in caregiving practices that promote the development of their children because doing so

Accepted Answer

The evolutionary approach to the family emphasizes the importance of gene perpetuation. Parents are biologically driven to care for their offspring to ensure the survival and transmission of their genetic material to future generations.

Question 4

Reinforcement, punishment, modeling, and self efficacy are concepts that are associated with the __________ approach.

Accepted Answer

These concepts are associated with the environmental/learning approach in psychology, which emphasizes the role of environmental factors and learned experiences in shaping behavior. Reinforcement and punishment are key concepts in operant conditioning, modeling is central to social learning theory, and self-efficacy is a concept introduced by Albert Bandura, all of which fall under the broader umbrella of learning theories.

Question 5

Every time that 2-year-old Max helps to clean up his room, his father smiles and says, "Great job, Max!" Max's father seems to be taking a/an __________ approach to socializing his son.

Accepted Answer

Max's father is using reinforcement (smiling and verbal praise) to encourage a behavior, which aligns with the environmental/learning approach to socialization, emphasizing the role of external factors and learned behaviors.

Question 6

Every time that Kara, a 3-year-old, bends the rules or goes against her parents wishes (which according to her parents is quite often), her parents spank her. Kara has started "spanking" her dolls and being verbally aggressive towards them. What approach does this refer to?

Accepted Answer

Kara is demonstrating learned behavior from her environment, specifically mimicking the actions of her parents. This is an example of the environmental/learning approach, where behaviors are acquired through observation and imitation.

Question 7

Which approach is LEAST likely to agree with the statement: "Development resides primarily in the child; it is affected by and often expressed within social contexts, but the child and the social world are separate entities."

Accepted Answer

The sociocultural approach, unlike the others, emphasizes that development cannot be separated from the social context; it views the child and the social world as inherently interconnected, contrasting with the statement provided.

Question 8

Cognitive-developmental is to sociocultural as "the clash of peers with differing perspectives" is to

Accepted Answer

Cognitive-developmental theories focus on how children construct knowledge through their interactions and experiences, often emphasizing the role of individual cognition. In contrast, sociocultural theories emphasize the importance of social interactions and cultural context in development, particularly how knowledge and skills are transmitted from more knowledgeable individuals (often adults or more skilled peers) to less knowledgeable ones. Thus, "the transmission of knowledge or skills from a more expert to a less expert peer" aligns with the sociocultural perspective.

Question 9

From Piaget's point of view, if children were to interact solely with adults rather than with other children

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that peer interaction is crucial for children's moral development. Interacting only with adults might lead to a lack of understanding of others' perspectives, fostering egocentrism and moral realism, where children see rules as unchangeable and externally imposed.

Question 10

Guided participation, scaffolding, microsystems, and mesosystems are samples of concepts that come from the __________ approach.

Accepted Answer

These concepts are associated with the sociocultural approach, which emphasizes the role of social interaction and cultural context in development. Guided participation and scaffolding are specifically linked to Vygotsky's theories, while microsystems and mesosystems are part of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory.

Question 11

Which two dimensions of parenting appear to be especially important for the child's development?

Accepted Answer

Parental warmth and control are widely recognized in psychological research as crucial dimensions of parenting that significantly impact a child's emotional, social, and cognitive development. Warmth refers to the affection and support parents show towards their children, while control involves setting and enforcing rules and boundaries, which helps children develop self-discipline and understand social norms.

Question 12

Parents who are very demanding, exercise strong control over their children's behaviour, and enforce their demands with threats and punishment are described as

Accepted Answer

Authoritarian parents are known for being highly demanding and directive, yet not responsive. They impose strict rules and expect obedience, often resorting to punishment to enforce discipline, without much warmth or negotiation.

Question 13

Parents who are loving and sensitive, and who set few limits on their children's behaviour, are referred to as

Accepted Answer

Permissive parents are characterized by their high responsiveness and warmth, but low demands and discipline. They tend to be very loving and may allow considerable self-regulation from their children, setting fewer limits on their behavior compared to other parenting styles.

Question 14

Chris, who is 14, has an arbitrary curfew of eight o'clock, even when there is a supervised school function that may run later. Further, Chris' parents prefer to talk to Chris, but not to allow any responses. Chris' parents might be classified as

Accepted Answer

Chris' parents exhibit characteristics of authoritarian parenting by imposing strict rules (such as an arbitrary curfew) and preferring one-way communication without allowing for the child's input. This style is known for high demands and low responsiveness.

Question 15

Laura has been brought up in a very loving family that shows a lot of affection. Her parents use reasoning a lot with her, encourage her to express her point of view and keep their rules to a minimum in order not to impede on her development. Laura's parents might be classified as

Accepted Answer

The answer of Laura has been brought up in a...

Question 16

Zack's parents ask that he obey the rules and that he be proactive in his social behaviour (i.e. that he help ladies crossing the street, etc.). They encourage his talents in ballet even though the rest of their enlarged family frowns upon the activity. Zack's parents are very firm with their discipline. Zack's parents might be classified as

Accepted Answer

Zack's parents exhibit characteristics of authoritative parenting by setting clear rules and expectations while also encouraging his interests and being supportive, which differentiates them from the other styles mentioned.

Question 17

Celeste's mother is a single mom. She lets Celeste have the run of the house and does not express any interest in her. Celeste's mother might be classified as

Accepted Answer

Celeste's mother's behavior is indicative of an uninvolved parenting style, characterized by a lack of responsiveness to a child's needs and a general disinterest in their life.

Question 18

Children who are the most curious, self-confident, and independent tend to have parents who

Accepted Answer

Children who exhibit high levels of curiosity, self-confidence, and independence often have parents who balance warmth and affection with clear boundaries and consistent rules. This parenting style, known as authoritative parenting, involves being caring and responsive to the child's needs while also setting clear limits and maintaining a structured and predictable environment. This approach helps children feel secure, understood, and supported, while also learning self-discipline and understanding the importance of boundaries.

Question 19

Canadian data from the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth suggest that high levels of physical punishment, yelling, and scolding on the part of parents are associated with

Accepted Answer

Canadian data from the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth indicate that high levels of physical punishment, yelling, and scolding by parents are associated with negative outcomes in children, such as defiance, anger, and physical aggression. This reflects the broader understanding in psychology that harsh disciplinary practices can lead to adverse behavioral and emotional development in children.

Question 20

The Canadian National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth reported a positive correlation between punitive parenting and aggression in children. Because this is a correlation, it is possible that aggressive children may elicit punitive parenting, rather than parenting leading to aggression. However, the fact that if parents __________ suggests that it is something about the parenting.

Accepted Answer

Choices A and C both suggest that changes in parenting style (either becoming more punitive or less punitive) have a direct impact on aggression levels in children, indicating that the parenting style itself may contribute to the observed aggression.

Quiz 15: Families and Peers