Question 1

Professor Hellinger believes that babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems.Professor Hellinger's beliefs are consistent with the __________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The core knowledge perspective suggests that infants are born with foundational understanding of certain concepts and cognitive abilities, such as object permanence and social interaction. This aligns with Professor Hellinger's belief in innate knowledge systems.

Question 2

A group of 2-year-olds watches through a window while a live adult hides an object in an adjoining room.Another group watches the same event on a video screen.Which of the following is likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

The children in the direct viewing condition have the advantage of seeing the hiding location and the path to the object directly in front of them, which enhances their spatial memory and ability to retrieve the object. On the other hand, children in the video condition have a constrained and less informative view of the event, which may not support the same level of spatial cognition, memory, and retrieval. Therefore, it is likely that the children in the direct viewing condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the video condition will have difficulty.

Question 3

In Piaget's Substage __________,8- to 12-month-olds can engage in intentional,or goal-directed,behavior.

Accepted Answer

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Substage 4 is known as the "Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions" stage, where infants begin to show intentional, goal-directed behavior. This typically occurs between 8 to 12 months of age.

Question 4

In Substage 6 of the sensorimotor period,the ability to create mental representations enables toddlers to __________ and __________.

Accepted Answer

In Substage 6, toddlers can create mental representations or mental images of objects, people, and events. This ability allows them to engage in deferred imitation, which is the repetition of past behaviors observed in others or themselves after a delay. They can also use make-believe play, in which they use objects or toys to represent other objects or engage in pretend scenarios. Object permanence is mastered in Substage 4, parallel play happens in Substage 2, functional play is mastered in Substage 3, and the violation-of-expectation method is a research technique used to study infants' cognitive processes and is not related to Substage 6.

Question 5

When 12-month-old Trent's dad asks him to get his stuffed bunny,Trent looks at and points to the pillow where the bunny usually rests.Trent is displaying __________.

Accepted Answer

Trent is displaying displaced reference, as he is able to understand that the bunny is associated with the pillow even though it is not physically present at the moment.

Question 6

Recent research indicates that __________ earlier than Piaget expected.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Recent research indicates that __________ earlier than...

Question 7

Ten-month-old Hannah is shown a stuffed sheep,and then it is hidden under a blanket.Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

Hannah's ability to find the sheep by coordinating two schemes, "pushing" aside the blanket and "grasping" the toy, demonstrates her understanding of object permanence and the coordination of secondary schemes, which typically develops around 8 to 12 months of age, fitting her age group.

Question 8

In the violation-of-expectation method,researchers show babies __________.

Accepted Answer

In the violation-of-expectation method, researchers show babies an expected event and an unexpected event to measure their cognitive abilities and understanding of the world around them. This is done by presenting the babies with a familiar scenario and then introducing a variation that contradicts their expectations, which prompts them to pay closer attention to the situation.

Question 9

Laboratory research suggests that deferred imitation is __________.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that deferred imitation, the ability to imitate something observed at an earlier time, is present in infants as young as 6 weeks old.

Question 10

Follow-up research on infant cognitive development suggests that mastery of object permanence __________.

Accepted Answer

Follow-up research on infant cognitive development indicates that mastery of object permanence is a gradual achievement. While infants may show some awareness of object permanence in Piaget's Substage 2 (around 4 months), it is not until Substage 4 (around 8-12 months) that infants demonstrate consistent understanding of object permanence. However, even after Substage 4, infants continue to refine their understanding of this concept over time. Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 11

The video deficit effect __________.

Accepted Answer

The video deficit effect declines around age 2½, meaning that younger children have a harder time learning from videos than older children.

Question 12

After watching 3-year-old Shana drop her raisins into a cup,10-month-old Nicholas copies her and drops his raisins into a cup.Nicholas is in Substage __________ of the sensorimotor period substages.

Accepted Answer

Nicholas is demonstrating the ability to imitate behaviors he has observed, which is characteristic of Substage 4 (Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions) of Piaget's sensorimotor period. This stage typically occurs from 8 to 12 months of age and involves more complex behaviors including the ability to imitate actions.

Question 13

On Monday,20-month-old Raoul watches his brother Carlos stir his applesauce with a spoon.On Thursday,Raoul tries to use a spoon to stir his applesauce.Raoul is using a(n)__________ to imitate Carlos's behavior.

Accepted Answer

Raoul is using a mental representation, which means he has formed a mental image or concept of using a spoon to stir applesauce, based on observing his brother's actions earlier in the week. This allows him to imitate the behavior days later, even when his brother is not present.

Question 14

Researchers using the violation-of-expectation method may use __________ by exposing babies to a physical event until their looking declines.

Accepted Answer

The violation-of-expectation method involves exposing infants to a physical event that violates their expectations. In order to determine whether infants have noticed the violation, researchers use habituation, which is the decline in attention to a repeated stimulus. Therefore, choice A (habituatiton) is the best answer.

Question 15

In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method,Renée Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for __________.

Accepted Answer

Baillargeon's studies using the violation-of-expectation method provided evidence for object permanence in infants as young as a few months old, suggesting they have some understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

Question 16

In Substage 5 of the sensorimotor period,toddlers __________.

Accepted Answer

Toddlers in Substage 5 of the sensorimotor period, also known as the tertiary circular reactions stage, repeat behaviors with variation as they explore the world around them in a more purposeful and intentional way. They are able to create mental representations, but their behaviors are not necessarily motivated by basic needs or solved suddenly. Trial-and-error is still a common problem-solving method for this stage.

Question 17

Older infants and toddlers are more likely to imitate __________ rather than __________.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that older infants and toddlers are more likely to imitate purposeful behaviors on objects rather than accidental behaviors on objects. This suggests that they are beginning to understand the intentions behind the actions they observe, and are more selective in their imitation.

Question 18

Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket.Avery has begun to master __________.

Accepted Answer

Object permanence is the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it is out of sight. Avery's ability to retrieve the ball when it's hidden under a blanket indicates that he understands that the ball still exists even though he can't see it.

Question 19

Core knowledge theorists argue that __________.

Accepted Answer

Core knowledge theorists believe that infants are born with innate cognitive structures or modules that allow them to quickly and easily understand certain concepts. These core domains of thought include things like object permanence, language acquisition, and social understanding. This view is in contrast to the idea that all mental representations are constructed solely through sensorimotor activity or social interaction. While newborns may have some innate biases for attending to certain information, this is not the main focus of core knowledge theory.

Question 20

Awareness of object permanence is not yet complete in Piaget's Substage 4 because babies __________.

Accepted Answer

The A-not-B search error is a common occurrence in Substage 4, indicating that the baby has not fully grasped the concept of object permanence.

Quiz 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood