Question 1

When caregiver‒infant communication is seriously disrupted,infant __________ is common-a condition that impairs all aspects of development.

Accepted Answer

When caregiver-infant communication is seriously disrupted, infant sadness is common. This condition can impair all aspects of an infant's development, including emotional, social, and cognitive growth.

Question 2

Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?

Accepted Answer

Guilt is a self-conscious emotion because it involves an individual's evaluation of their own behavior, and the feeling that arises from that evaluation. It is a self-conscious emotion because it requires an understanding of oneself in relation to others and societal norms. Happiness, interest, and fear are not self-conscious emotions.

Question 3

Expressions of __________ are less frequent than __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Expressions of __________ are less frequent than...

Question 4

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin,20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes,hangs his head,and hides his face with his hands.Rainer is expressing __________.

Accepted Answer

Rainer's behavior of lowering his eyes, hanging his head, and hiding his face with his hands is indicative of shame. Shame is a self-conscious emotion experienced when someone believes that their actions or behavior do not meet social or personal standards. In this scenario, Rainer's behavior suggests that he understands that he did something wrong and feels ashamed as a result.

Question 5

The rise in fear after 6 months is adaptive because it __________.

Accepted Answer

The rise in fear after 6 months helps to keep newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for exploration in check, which is important for their safety and well-being.

Question 6

Infants engage in __________ by actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.

Accepted Answer

This describes social referencing, which involves infants seeking emotional information from a trusted person in order to regulate their own emotions or behavior in an uncertain situation. It is an important aspect of social and emotional development in infancy.

Question 7

Besides self-awareness,self-conscious emotions require __________.

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions such as pride, shame, and guilt do not arise until children are able to see themselves as separate entities and can reflect on themselves from the perspective of someone else. This often involves adult instruction or guidance on when such emotions are appropriate, helping children understand and navigate complex social norms and expectations.

Question 8

Self-conscious emotions play an important role in __________.

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions, such as guilt and shame, are important in shaping and regulating children's moral behaviors. These emotions arise from violations of social norms and expectations, and provide a basis for learning moral rules and developing empathy for others. Stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, and expressions of fear are more closely linked to basic emotions such as fear and distress.

Question 9

Around 3 months,babies __________.

Accepted Answer

Around 3 months, babies become more sensitive to the structure and timing of face-to-face interactions, as they start to engage more with their caregivers and respond to social cues.

Question 10

Once wariness develops,infants __________.

Accepted Answer

When wariness develops, infants tend to use the familiar caregiver as a secure base from which to explore their surroundings, rather than exploring independently. This behavior is related to the development of stranger anxiety, in which infants become wary or fearful of unfamiliar people. Therefore, choice D is the best option as it indicates that infants use their caregiver as a safe and familiar presence in new situations.

Question 11

Research on maternal depression shows that __________.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that mothers with depression often have negative thoughts about their infants, leading to less sensitive and less responsive caregiving, which can affect the development of the infant. The other options are not supported by research findings.

Question 12

A(n)__________ is more effective than a(n)__________ alone in providing emotional information to a 10-month-old.

Accepted Answer

A caregiver's voice combined with a facial expression is more effective than either one alone in providing emotional information to a 10-month-old.

Question 13

In a social referencing experiment,18-month-old Joey is asked to share spinach or graham crackers with his mother.Even though Joey prefers graham crackers,he might offer the spinach to his mother if she __________.

Accepted Answer

In a social referencing experiment, children tend to look to their caregivers for guidance on how to approach and respond to a new situation. If the caregiver expresses a preference for a certain food, the child is more likely to offer that food to the caregiver, even if it is not their preferred choice. In this case, if the mother uses her voice and facial expressions to convey a preference for spinach, Joey may offer her the spinach even though he would prefer the graham crackers. Therefore, choice D is the best answer.

Question 14

Infants' emotional expressions are __________.

Accepted Answer

Infants' ability to interpret emotional cues of others plays a crucial role in the development of their own emotional expressions.

Question 15

Beckham is 18 months old.His parents want to encourage him to eat fruit.Which approach would be most effective in accomplishing this task using social referencing?

Accepted Answer

Social referencing involves looking to others for cues on how to feel or react in uncertain situations. Smiling and verbally expressing enjoyment ("Yummy!") when Beckham eats fruit provides positive reinforcement and models enjoyment, encouraging him to eat fruit.

Question 16

Paternal depression __________.

Accepted Answer

Paternal depression is linked to frequent father‒child conflict as children grow older. While maternal depression has received more attention, paternal depression can have significant impacts on child development and family dynamics.

Question 17

Shortly after giving birth to Max,Tanisha's mood plunged.She felt anxious,weepy,overwhelmed,and angry at loss of control over her own schedule.As a result of Tanisha's postpartum depression,Max probably __________.

Accepted Answer

Tanisha's postpartum depression may lead to her not being able to provide Max with proper care, leading to Max's poor sleeping habits.

Question 18

When Reggie takes his baby son,Tyson,to his workplace for the first time,Reggie's assistant abruptly picks Tyson up and walks around the office.Tyson cries and reaches out for Reggie.Tyson is expressing __________.

Accepted Answer

Tyson is exhibiting stranger anxiety, which is a normal developmental phase where babies become more wary of unfamiliar faces and cling to their primary caregiver.

Question 19

Self-conscious emotions __________.

Accepted Answer

Self-conscious emotions, such as pride, shame, guilt, and embarrassment, involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self. These emotions are tied to our understanding of ourselves as social beings, with a particular focus on how we perceive ourselves in relation to others. They are not universal in humans and other primates, and they do not include happiness, surprise, interest, and sadness, which are considered basic emotions. While these emotions may emerge in the first year of life, self-conscious emotions typically take longer to develop and are tied to cognitive and social development.

Question 20

Like anger,fear __________.

Accepted Answer

Fear tends to increase from the second half of the first year into the second year of life, as infants become more aware of their surroundings and can experience fear of strangers or separation from caregivers.

Quiz 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

When caregiver‒infant communication is seriously disrupted,infant __________ is common-a condition that impairs all aspects of development.

Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?

Expressions of are less frequent than .

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin,20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes,hangs his head,and hides his face with his hands.Rainer is expressing __________.

The rise in fear after 6 months is adaptive because it __________.

Infants engage in __________ by actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.

Besides self-awareness,self-conscious emotions require __________.

Self-conscious emotions play an important role in __________.

Around 3 months,babies __________.

Once wariness develops,infants __________.

Research on maternal depression shows that __________.

A(n) is more effective than a(n) alone in providing emotional information to a 10-month-old.

In a social referencing experiment,18-month-old Joey is asked to share spinach or graham crackers with his mother.Even though Joey prefers graham crackers,he might offer the spinach to his mother if she __________.

Infants' emotional expressions are __________.

Beckham is 18 months old.His parents want to encourage him to eat fruit.Which approach would be most effective in accomplishing this task using social referencing?

Paternal depression __________.

Shortly after giving birth to Max,Tanisha's mood plunged.She felt anxious,weepy,overwhelmed,and angry at loss of control over her own schedule.As a result of Tanisha's postpartum depression,Max probably __________.

When Reggie takes his baby son,Tyson,to his workplace for the first time,Reggie's assistant abruptly picks Tyson up and walks around the office.Tyson cries and reaches out for Reggie.Tyson is expressing __________.

Self-conscious emotions __________.

Like anger,fear __________.

Quiz 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

When caregiver‒infant communication is seriously disrupted,infant __________ is common-a condition that impairs all aspects of development.

Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?

Expressions of __________ are less frequent than __________.

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin,20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes,hangs his head,and hides his face with his hands.Rainer is expressing __________.

The rise in fear after 6 months is adaptive because it __________.

Infants engage in __________ by actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.

Besides self-awareness,self-conscious emotions require __________.

Self-conscious emotions play an important role in __________.

Around 3 months,babies __________.

Once wariness develops,infants __________.

Research on maternal depression shows that __________.

A(n) __________ is more effective than a(n) __________ alone in providing emotional information to a 10-month-old.

In a social referencing experiment,18-month-old Joey is asked to share spinach or graham crackers with his mother.Even though Joey prefers graham crackers,he might offer the spinach to his mother if she __________.

Infants' emotional expressions are __________.

Beckham is 18 months old.His parents want to encourage him to eat fruit.Which approach would be most effective in accomplishing this task using social referencing?

Paternal depression __________.

Shortly after giving birth to Max,Tanisha's mood plunged.She felt anxious,weepy,overwhelmed,and angry at loss of control over her own schedule.As a result of Tanisha's postpartum depression,Max probably __________.

When Reggie takes his baby son,Tyson,to his workplace for the first time,Reggie's assistant abruptly picks Tyson up and walks around the office.Tyson cries and reaches out for Reggie.Tyson is expressing __________.

Self-conscious emotions __________.

Like anger,fear __________.

Expressions of are less frequent than .

A(n) is more effective than a(n) alone in providing emotional information to a 10-month-old.