Question 1

A state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one's own point of view is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Adolescent egocentrism is a state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one's own point of view.

Question 2

Marsha is always complaining that her parents and teachers cannot relate to her and consistently points out faults in others, especially those in authority positions. Marsha is likely dealing with __________.

Accepted Answer

Adolescent egocentrism is a state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one's own point of view.

Question 3

Fictitious observers who pay as much attention to adolescents' behavior as adolescents do are called __________.

Accepted Answer

The imaginary audience consists of the fictitious observers who pay as much attention to adolescents' behavior as adolescents do themselves.

Question 4

Ricardo is a 16-year-old who recently survived a terrible car wreck with his father, who also survived. However, Ricardo was badly injured with a small but deep cut in his cheek that he had to have stitches in. Because of this, he does not want to go to play in the district golf match he has worked hard for all year because he is worried everyone will be looking at his injury. Ricardo's emphasis on imagining what others would be thinking about his face and stitches is an example of his __________.

Accepted Answer

The imaginary audience is fictitious observers who pay as much attention to adolescents' behavior as adolescents do themselves.

Question 5

Some adolescents construct __________, in which they feel invulnerable to the risks that threaten others.

Accepted Answer

An invincibility fable is the view held by some adolescents that they are invulnerable to the risks that threaten others.

Question 6

Tonja is a sexually active teenager who thinks that there is no need to use a condom during sex because in her __________ she constructs pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections such as AIDS as only happening to someone else, not herself.

Accepted Answer

An invincibility fable is the view held by some adolescents that they are invulnerable to the risks that threaten others.

Question 7

At times, adolescent egocentrism leads to feelings of stupidity, such as when a student gives a wrong answer to an easy question. This is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

Pseudostupidity occurs because adolescents lack experience with their newly attained ability to think about multiple possibilities at the same time.

Question 8

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, people's responses to moral dilemma scenarios reveal the stage of __________ development they have attained and yield information about their general level of __________ development.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development examines the process of the evolving ideas about justice that change in response to increasing cognitive development. As one thinks about the world differently (i.e., symbolic functioning, concrete logic, abstract logical reasoning), the way that they consider justice changes appropriately.

Question 9

Kohlberg's sequence of moral reasoning consists of __________ levels and __________ stages.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's sequence of moral reasoning consists of three levels and six stages.

Question 10

A person who would not steal something out of fear of going to jail, even if it meant saving someone else's life, is in Kohlberg's __________ stage of morality.

Accepted Answer

Preconventional morality is the level of moral development in which the concrete interests of the individual are considered in terms of rewards and punishments.

Question 11

A person who is faced with stealing something that will save someone else's life, and who decides either against stealing due to guilt or in favor of stealing because he or she would be unable to face others if he or she did nothing, is in Kohlberg's __________ stage of morality.

Accepted Answer

Conventional morality is a level of moral development in which people approach moral problems as members of society. They are interested in pleasing others by acting as good members of society.

Question 12

A person who is faced with stealing something that will save someone else's life and who bases his or her decision on a universal moral principle that is broader than the rules of the particular society in which he or she lives in order to live up to his or her own moral principle is in Kohlberg's __________ stage of morality.

Accepted Answer

The postconventional stage of moral development is the level at which people use moral principles that are considered broader than those of any particular society.

Question 13

One of the criticisms of Kohlberg's theory is that it is based solely on observations of __________.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory is based solely on observations of members of Western cultures.

Question 14

Researcher Carol Gilligan has suggested that differences in the ways boys and girls are raised in our society lead to basic distinctions in how men and women view __________ development. Boys view it in terms of broad principles such as justice or fairness whereas girls see it in terms of responsibility toward individuals.

Accepted Answer

Gilligan has suggested the way men and women view moral behavior is different. Men view morality primarily in terms of broad principles such as justice or fairness while girls see it in terms of responsibility toward individuals.

Question 15

Gilligan proposed that __________ is a more prominent factor in moral behavior for women that it is for men.

Accepted Answer

According to Gilligan, compassion for individuals is a more prominent factor in moral behavior for women that it is for men.

Question 16

According to Gilligan, the stage of morality in which females first concentrate on what is practical and best for them, gradually making a transition from selfishness to responsibility, and in which they think about what would be best for others is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Gilligan's orientation toward individual survival is the initial concentration on what is practical and best for self. It is a gradual transition from selfishness to responsibility, which includes thinking about what would be best for others.

Question 17

According to Gilligan, the stage of morality in which females begin to think that they must sacrifice their own wishes for what other people want and then begin to take into account their own needs plus the needs of others is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Gilligan's goodness as self-sacrifice is the stage of moral development in which the initial view is that a woman must sacrifice her own wishes to what other people want. It is a gradual transition from "goodness" to "truth," which takes into account needs of both self and others.

Question 18

According to Gilligan, the stage of morality in which women come to see that hurting anyone is immoral-including hurting themselves-and which establishes a moral equivalence between themselves and others and represents the most sophisticated level of moral reasoning, is called __________.

Accepted Answer

The final stage of moral development, according to Gilligan, is morality of nonviolence in which a moral equivalence is established between self and others. Hurting anyone-including one's self-is seen as immoral. This is the most sophisticated form of reasoning.

Question 19

Rachel and Svetlana are playing tag on the school playground. After about 10 minutes, Rachel decides to play on the jungle gym, even though Svetlana begs her to keep playing tag. Rachel is likely in the __________ stage of Gilligan's three-stage process of moral development.

Accepted Answer

According to Gilligan, orientation toward individual survival involves focusing on what is practical and best for self.

Question 20

Kennedy and Emma are playing a board game. At one point, Emma declares that she wants to play a new game. Although Kennedy does not want to switch games, she agrees to play the new game with Emma. Kennedy is likely in the __________ stage of Gilligan's three-stage process of moral development.

Accepted Answer

According to Gilligan, goodness as self-sacrifice is the view that a person must sacrifice her own wishes to what other people want.

Quiz 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence