Question 1

Preschool children face two key conflicts relating to psychosocial development. The goal is for these children to develop a sense of __________ and __________.

Accepted Answer

Young children face two key conflicts relating to psychosocial development. The goal is for the children to develop a sense of initiative and autonomy.

Question 2

Tian had very mixed feelings about his racial background. He was proud of the cultural practices that were a part of his family birthday celebrations, but when his mother asked him what he wanted to share with his play group for his birthday, he immediately responded that he wanted a SpongeBob cake just like Bobby's. Tian's desire for this cake most likely demonstrates __________.

Accepted Answer

Tian indicates a bit of mixed feelings about race and ethnicity in that he embraces the minority culture practices at home but turns to the majority culture when faced with a larger group. This best illustrates race dissonance, a phenomenon in which minority children indicate a preference for majority values or people.

Question 3

Which of the following is a way that gender development may be influenced by the biological approach?

Accepted Answer

Gender identity is the perception of oneself as male or female. Gender constancy is the face that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors.

Question 4

__________ is the perception of oneself as male or female, and __________ is the fact that people are permanently males or females.

Accepted Answer

Biological approaches that encourage gender development include prenatal exposure to male or female hormones, structural differences in male and female brains, and natural selection of characteristics that increase the chances of reproduction and survival.

Question 5

George and Jerry were involved in play that is typical for preschool children. As Jerry played with some blocks, George was playing with some small cars. Although the two boys sat in close proximity, there was little or no interaction. Jerry and George are involved in __________.

Accepted Answer

Jerry and George are involved in parallel play. Both boys are involved with similar toys and play in close proximity; however, they are not interacting with each other, thus the parallel analogy.

Question 6

Children of __________ parents tend to be withdrawn, showing little sociability. They are not very friendly and their parents are not very responsive to their needs.

Accepted Answer

Authoritarian parents are those who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is law. Children with authoritarian parents tend to be socially withdrawn.

Question 7

When one preschool age child brought a deck of cards to preschool he was excited that other children wanted to play cards with him. Although the children seemed to each be playing a game with slightly different rules, they didn't appear to notice and were happy to abide by all the rules they knew. These children are demonstrating which level of Piaget's theory of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Heteronomous morality is the earliest stage of moral development in which rules are seen as invariable and unchangeable. Although the children play strictly by the rules, none of the children seem to have fully grasped the one game and its rules.

Question 8

Four-year-old Richard wants a toy that another child has. Richard approaches the child and hits him on the arm, knocking the toy out of his hand. Richard then runs off with the toy. What kind of aggression is Richard displaying?

Accepted Answer

Richard is displaying instrumental aggression-that is, aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal, in this case, the toy.

Question 9

Which of the following individuals conducted a classic study on the power of models?

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura and his colleagues conducted a classic study on the power of models. They found that preschoolers could learn aggressive behavior by observing aggressive models.

Question 10

According to Erikson, the period during which children aged 18 months to 3 years either become more independent and self-reliant if their parents encourage exploration and freedom or experience humiliation and uncertainty if they are restricted and overprotected is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

In the early part of the preschool period, children are ending the autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage of development, which lasts from around 18 months to 3 years. Children either become more independent and autonomous if their parents encourage exploration and freedom or they experience shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected.

Question 11

Two-year-old Anissa's parents have installed child protective devices around the house. This way, Anissa is provided with a safe environment that she can freely explore on her own. According to Erikson, Anissa will most likely develop a sense of __________.

Accepted Answer

During this period of development, according to Erikson, children either become more independent and autonomous if their parents encourage exploration and freedom or they experience shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected.

Question 12

Eighteen-month-old Paul's environment is not safe. The house he lives in has exposed wiring and lead-based paint around the window frames. For this reason, Paul's mother keeps him in a playpen most of the day. According to Erikson, Paul will most likely develop a sense of __________.

Accepted Answer

During this period of development, according to Erikson, children either become more independent and autonomous if their parents encourage exploration and freedom or they experience shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected.

Question 13

Erikson's initiative-versus-guilt stage lasts from around age __________ to age __________.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson, preschool children between 3 and 6 years of age are in the initiative-versus-guilt stage.

Question 14

One day, 3-year-old Lisa stepped into the kitchen and proudly announced that she was dressed for school. She had on a pair of flowered pants and a clashing plaid shirt. Nothing about her outfit matched. Lisa's mother was so dismayed that she said, "I can't take you out looking like a clown. Go to your room and put something decent on." According to Erikson, Lisa will most likely develop a sense of __________.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson, during the initiative-versus-guilt stage, children's views of themselves change as preschool-age children face conflicts between, on the one hand, the desire to act independently of their parents and do things on their own, and, on the other hand, the guilt that comes from failure when they don't succeed.

Question 15

While 3-year-old Bijan was on vacation with his parents, he insisted on wearing only mismatched brightly colored socks with white sneakers. His parents got many looks from passersby, some positive and some not so positive. According to Erikson, because Bijan was able to express himself through his clothes, he should develop a sense of __________.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson, during the initiative-versus-guilt stage, children's views of themselves change as preschool-age children face conflicts between, on the one hand, the desire to act independently of their parents and do things on their own, and, on the other hand, the guilt that comes from failure when they don't succeed.

Question 16

Four-year-old Daryl describes himself in the following ways: "I'm a really fast runner. My hair is brown and I like to eat junk food." Daryl's beliefs about himself are known as his __________.

Accepted Answer

A person's identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual is known as self-concept.

Question 17

Four-year-old Irene is going to shoot baskets for the first time. When asked how many balls she will be able to shoot through the hoop, she enthusiastically shouts, "All of them!" Irene's response stems from the fact that she __________.

Accepted Answer

Preschool children typically overestimate their skills and knowledge across all domains of expertise. In part, this overly optimistic self-concept is because they have not yet started to compare themselves and their performance against others.

Question 18

Five-year-old Naomi is playing tennis with her mother. She spends more time chasing balls than she does hitting them with the racket. Naomi most likely believes she __________.

Accepted Answer

Preschool children typically overestimate their skills and knowledge across all domains of expertise. In part, this overly optimistic self-concept is because they have not yet started to compare themselves and their performance against others.

Question 19

__________ orientation is an orientation that promotes the notion of interdependence.

Accepted Answer

A collectivistic philosophy promotes the notion of interdependence.

Question 20

The well-known saying "The nail that stands out gets pounded down" reflects a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence and is called a(n) __________ orientation.

Accepted Answer