Question 1

Five-year-old Chen has been taught to wait quietly for his turn and not to shout out or to draw attention to himself. Chen is a quiet, unassuming little boy who blends in well with others. Chen's behavior is an example of a(n) __________ orientation.

Accepted Answer

A collectivistic philosophy promotes the notion of interdependence.

Question 2

__________ orientation is an orientation that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual.

Accepted Answer

Individualistic philosophy emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual.

Question 3

The well-known saying "The squeaky wheel gets the grease" reflects a philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual and is called a(n) __________ orientation.

Accepted Answer

Individualistic philosophy emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual.

Question 4

Four-year-old Rebecca shouts loudly that her teacher forgot to let her have a turn to share a toy with the class. Rebecca always makes sure her needs are met and she speaks loudly if necessary. Also, Rebecca loves to be first in line. In games, she feels the need to win, and when she doesn't win, she sulks. Rebecca's behavior is an example of a(n) __________ orientation.

Accepted Answer

Individualistic philosophy emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual.

Question 5

Four-year-old Jasmine is African American. Jasmine prefers to play with dolls that are white. Also, she is more likely to say that black children are naughtier than white children. Jasmine's preference for majority values or people suggests that she may be experiencing __________.

Accepted Answer

Race dissonance is the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people.

Question 6

__________ typically refers to sexual anatomy and sexual behavior, whereas __________ refers to the perception of maleness or femaleness.

Accepted Answer

The terms sex and gender do not mean the same thing. Sex typically refers to sexual anatomy and sexual behavior, whereas gender refers to the perception of maleness or femaleness.

Question 7

Research on play behavior suggests that rough-and-tumble play promotes the development of the __________.

Accepted Answer

Rough-and-tumble play is important because it promotes development of the prefrontal cortex.

Question 8

Three-year-old Franklin loved to ride the battery-powered powder pink convertible car around the toy store. However, when asked which battery-powered vehicle he would like to purchase, Franklin chose a blue and green motorcycle. This example illustrates that Franklin is aware of __________.

Accepted Answer

Gender expectations provide the lens through which preschool-age children view the world and affect their behavior as well as the way they interact with peers and adults.

Question 9

There are biological differences in the structure of male and female brains. For example, the __________, which connects the hemispheres of the brain, is larger in women than in men.

Accepted Answer

The corpus callosum, the bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres, is larger in women than in men. Alternative explanations about for this difference. For example, it may be that the corpus callosum is proportionately larger in women as a result of certain kinds of experiences that influence brain growth in particular ways.

Question 10

According to Freud's theory, preschoolers are in the __________ stage, in which the focus of the child's pleasure relates to genital sexuality.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the preschool years encompass the phallic stage.

Question 11

According to Freud, around the age of 5, boys begin to develop sexual interests in their mothers, viewing their fathers as rivals. This conflict is known as the __________ conflict.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the Oedipal conflict occurs at around the age of 5. Boys begin to develop sexual interests in their mothers, viewing their fathers as rivals.

Question 12

When boys view their fathers as all-powerful, boys develop a fear of retaliation. According to Freud, this is called __________.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory, boys develop castration anxiety because they fear retaliation from their fathers.

Question 13

According to Freud, the Oedipal conflict is resolved when the __________.

Accepted Answer

Boys repress their desires for their mothers and instead begin to identify with their fathers. Identification with the same-sex parent is the successful resolution of this conflict.

Question 14

The process in which children attempt to be similar to the same-sex parent, incorporating the parent's attitudes and values, is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

Identification is the process in which children attempt to be similar to their same-sex parent, incorporating the parent's attitudes and values.

Question 15

Five-year-old Rudy sits at the table as his father does, holds the spoon, and drinks his juice as his father does. Rudy is most likely engaged in __________.

Accepted Answer

Social learning approaches see children as learning gender-related behavior and expectations by observing others.

Question 16

According to Freud, a girl comes to identify with the mother because she __________.

Accepted Answer

Girls begin to feel sexual attraction toward their fathers and experience penis envy. They will ultimately identify with their mothers, attempting to be as similar to them as possible.

Question 17

According to the social learning approaches, children learn gender-related behavior and expectations by __________.

Accepted Answer

Social learning approaches see children as learning gender-related behavior and expectations by observing others.

Question 18

Children learn gender-related behavior by watching television shows. Research on gender and television has found that __________.

Accepted Answer

According to the research on gender and television, male characters outnumber female characters by 2 to 1.

Question 19

According to the cognitive-developmental theory, young preschoolers believe that sex differences are based on __________.

Accepted Answer

According to the cognitive-developmental theory, young preschoolers believe that sex differences are based not on biological factors but on differences in appearance or behavior.

Question 20

Five-year-old Janie knows that her father is a male and that he is going to be a male forever. Janie has developed an understanding of gender __________, the belief that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors.

Accepted Answer

The fact that people are permanently male or female, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors, is known as gender constancy.

Quiz 10: Social and Personality Development in the Preschool Years

Five-year-old Chen has been taught to wait quietly for his turn and not to shout out or to draw attention to himself. Chen is a quiet, unassuming little boy who blends in well with others. Chen's behavior is an example of a(n) __________ orientation.

__________ orientation is an orientation that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual.

The well-known saying "The squeaky wheel gets the grease" reflects a philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual and is called a(n) __________ orientation.

Four-year-old Jasmine is African American. Jasmine prefers to play with dolls that are white. Also, she is more likely to say that black children are naughtier than white children. Jasmine's preference for majority values or people suggests that she may be experiencing __________.

typically refers to sexual anatomy and sexual behavior, whereas refers to the perception of maleness or femaleness.

Research on play behavior suggests that rough-and-tumble play promotes the development of the __________.

Three-year-old Franklin loved to ride the battery-powered powder pink convertible car around the toy store. However, when asked which battery-powered vehicle he would like to purchase, Franklin chose a blue and green motorcycle. This example illustrates that Franklin is aware of __________.

There are biological differences in the structure of male and female brains. For example, the __________, which connects the hemispheres of the brain, is larger in women than in men.

According to Freud's theory, preschoolers are in the __________ stage, in which the focus of the child's pleasure relates to genital sexuality.

According to Freud, around the age of 5, boys begin to develop sexual interests in their mothers, viewing their fathers as rivals. This conflict is known as the __________ conflict.

When boys view their fathers as all-powerful, boys develop a fear of retaliation. According to Freud, this is called __________.

According to Freud, the Oedipal conflict is resolved when the __________.

The process in which children attempt to be similar to the same-sex parent, incorporating the parent's attitudes and values, is known as __________.

Five-year-old Rudy sits at the table as his father does, holds the spoon, and drinks his juice as his father does. Rudy is most likely engaged in __________.

According to Freud, a girl comes to identify with the mother because she __________.

According to the social learning approaches, children learn gender-related behavior and expectations by __________.

Children learn gender-related behavior by watching television shows. Research on gender and television has found that __________.

According to the cognitive-developmental theory, young preschoolers believe that sex differences are based on __________.

Five-year-old Janie knows that her father is a male and that he is going to be a male forever. Janie has developed an understanding of gender __________, the belief that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors.