Question 1

In the United States, the Family and Medical Leave Act requires most employers to provide new parents up to __________ weeks of unpaid leave following childbirth.

Accepted Answer

In the United States, the Family and Medical Leave Act requires most employers to provide new parents with up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave following childbirth.

Question 2

Jan eagerly anticipated the birth of her first child. However, following the birth of a healthy baby, she found herself in the depths of depression. She cried constantly and was confused, and she felt incapable of caring for her child. Jan's physician diagnosed her with a classic case of __________.

Accepted Answer

Postpartum depression is a period of deep depression following the birth of a child.

Question 3

The rapid changes in the levels of estrogen and progesterone may cause __________.

Accepted Answer

Hormone levels change rapidly after childbirth. These changes may lead to postpartum depression, a period of deep depression following childbirth.

Question 4

Long before Kaita Castro was born, she was able to soothe herself in utero by sucking on her thumb. Once she was born, she utilized the sucking reflex along with the __________ reflex to nurse.

Accepted Answer

The sucking and swallowing reflexes permit Kaita to begin to ingest food right away.

Question 5

Whenever Taraneh gently stroked her newborn daughter's cheek, the baby would turn in that direction as if she were searching for food. This is known as the __________ reflex.

Accepted Answer

The rooting reflex causes the infant to turn in the direction of a source of stimulation.

Question 6

The neonate's digestive system initially produces feces in the form of __________, a greenish-black material that is a remnant of the neonate's days as a fetus.

Accepted Answer

Meconium, a greenish-black material, is the feces initially produced by the neonate's digestive system.

Question 7

Because the liver does not always work effectively, almost half of all newborns develop neonatal __________.

Accepted Answer

Neonatal jaundice is the distinctly yellowish tinge to the neonate's body and eyes when the liver does not work effectively at first.

Question 8

Mr. and Mrs. Rajoria became concerned when their newborn daughter, Sunita, developed a yellowish tinge to her body and eyes soon after birth. Their pediatrician told them not to worry but recommended that Sunita be placed under fluorescent lights to help her overcome __________.

Accepted Answer

Neonatal jaundice is the distinctly yellowish tinge to the neonate's body and eyes when the liver does not work effectively at first. Treatment most often consists of placing the baby under fluorescent lights or administering medicine.

Question 9

As an infant, Lara Saenz's parents were amazed by the fact that when they moved a toy from one point to another, she seemed aware that the toy remained the same size even though the size of the image on the retina varied with distance. Lara's ability is known as __________ constancy.

Accepted Answer

Size constancy is the awareness that objects stay the same size even though the size of the image on the retina varies with distance.

Question 10

As an infant, Cheri could distinguish different colors such as the difference between red, green, yellow, and blue, even though she didn't know the names of the colors. Her two favorite colors were probably __________.

Accepted Answer

Newborns seem to be able to distinguish between red, green, yellow, and blue. They take more time staring at blue and green objects, suggesting a partiality for those colors.

Question 11

Recent research on food preferences suggests that an infant's __________.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that some of children's food preferences are shaped by mother's diet during pregnancy.

Question 12

Ivan Pavlov found that by pairing the sound of a bell with the appearance of food, he could eventually get dogs to salivate at just the sound of the bell without the appearance of food. This illustrates __________.

Accepted Answer

The key feature of classical conditioning is stimulus substitution. In other words, this is the process of pairing a previously neutral stimulus (sound of the bell) with a stimulus that does evoke a response (appearance of food). The learning has occurred when the stimulus substitution has occurred. The formerly neutral stimulus (sound of the bell) now evokes the response formerly evoked by the original stimulus (the appearance of the food).

Question 13

Aaron loved to tease his best friend Sam. Aaron would say, "I bet I can make you blink at the sound of your name." When Aaron clapped his hands, Sam would blink. But now, Aaron clapped his hands just before calling out "Sam!" Eventually, Sam discovered that whenever anyone called his name loudly, he would blink. This illustrates __________.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of classical conditioning. Sam blinked to the sound of the clap, but then Aaron paired the clapping sound with Sam's name. Eventually, after the learning took place, Sam would blink (the response originally evoked only by the clap) to the sound of his name (the formerly neutral stimulus).

Question 14

Mrs. Park always caressed her daughter's forehead whenever she nursed her. Soon her daughter made sucking noises whenever anyone stroked her forehead. This illustrates __________.

Accepted Answer

There is evidence here of early learning through classical conditioning. In this example, Mrs. Park is substituting the stroke on her daughter's forehead for the presence of food. The original stimulus, presence of food, causes the child to suck. Substituting a neutral stimulus (stroking the forehead, which originally evoked no response) eventually causes the child to suck whenever her forehead is stroked.

Question 15

Eleven-month-old "Little Albert" loves furry animals and shows no fear of rats. However, one day while playing with a white rat, he was startled by a loud noise and began to cry. Every time he played with the white rat after that, he heard the same loud noise. Eventually, the sight of the white rat alone made him cry. This illustrates __________.

Accepted Answer

In this classic example of classical conditioning, Albert associates the loud noise (a stimulus that evoked a startle response and crying) with a previously neutral stimulus (the white rat). Learning has occurred in that Albert now startles and cries to the previously neutral stimulus (white rat).

Question 16

As a baby, Anu learned that whenever she fussed, her mother would come running to comfort her. Thus, whenever Anu was distressed, she would fuss for her mother. This illustrates __________.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of operant conditioning in that a voluntary response (fussing) is strengthened (occurs more often) because it is associated with positive consequences (maternal attention).

Question 17

Six-week-old Elia learned that whenever she smiled, her mother would smile back and sometimes would pick her up. Elia started to smile more often so that she could get her mother's attention. This illustrates __________.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of operant conditioning in that a voluntary response (Elia's smile) is strengthened (occurs more often) because it is associated with positive consequences (maternal attention).

Question 18

Alexander's mother tied a piece of ribbon to his foot and tied the other end of the ribbon to his mobile. Alexander quickly learned that by tugging on the ribbon he could make the mobile move. This soon became a favorite pastime for him. This illustrates __________.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of operant conditioning, which is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on the consequences of the action. In this scenario, a voluntary response (tugging the ribbon) is strengthened (done more often) because it is associated with positive consequences (moving mobile).

Question 19

Three-month-old Lori shook her new rattle vigorously; however, after a short time she would appear bored with the new toy and would stop playing with it. If her mother gave her a different rattle, she would again play. This illustrates __________.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of habituation, in which there is a decrease in the response to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the same stimulus. Lori stopped shaking the rattle after a period of time.

Question 20

The foundation for early social interaction can be seen in an infant's ability to

Accepted Answer

Newborns' ability to imitate provides them with an important foundation for social interaction later in life, which relies in part on the ability to react to other people in an appropriate manner and to understand the meaning of others' emotional states.

Quiz 4: Birth and the Newborn Infant