Question 1

Some of the commonly used measures of location such as the median or quartiles can be read directly from a
A)matrix.
B)frequency polygon.
C)histogram.
D)cumulative distribution function.
E)contingency table.

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

Data analysis hinges on which of the following considerations about the variable(s)to be analyzed?
A)Will the variable be analyzed in isolation or in relationship to one or more other variables?
B)What type of analysis is required by the project sponsor?
C)What level of measurement was used to measure the variable(s)?.
D)What level of measurement was used to measure the variable(s)?
E)All of these are considerations about the variable(s)to be analyzed.

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

When performing frequency analysis
A)you'll almost always want to include percentages along with the raw count.
B)including percentages will help readers interpret results.
C)the number of missing cases should be indicated.
D)All of these are correct.
E)None of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

It is important to provide both raw counts and percentages in frequency analysis to give a complete picture of the data. Also, indicating the number of missing cases helps readers understand the sample size and potential limitations of the analysis.

Question 4

Histograms are used to
A)investigate the relation between two variables.
B)construct cumulative distribution functions.
C)construct cross tabulation tables.
D)determine the distribution of nonresponse errors.
E)determine the empirical distribution of a variable.

Accepted Answer

Histograms are used to visually represent the distribution of a variable. They show how the values of a variable are spread out and can help identify patterns or anomalies in the data. Therefore, the best choice is E: determine the empirical distribution of a variable.

Question 5

A major car manufacturer was interested in whether its midsize car was selling consistently in two markets with respect to the annual income of the car purchasers.Five-hundred new car buyers in Chicago and Miami were surveyed.In Chicago,the following pattern was observed: < $20,000 5%;$20,000-$29,999 0%;$30,000-$39,999 40%;$40,000-$49,999 30%;≥ $50,000 5%.Among those surveyed in Miami,20 earned under $20,000;70 earned between $20,000 and $30,000;265 earned between $30,000 and $40,000;125 earned between $40,000 and $50,000;and 20 earned more than $50,000.The chi-square test was used to check whether Miami sales among income groups were consistent with Chicago's.The appropriate degrees of freedom for the chi-square test would be
A)4
B)5
C)500
D)499
E)None of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

The degrees of freedom for a chi-square test comparing two distributions with k categories is (k-1). Since there are 5 income categories, the degrees of freedom would be 5-1 = 4.

Question 6

The chi-square test is an approximate test.The approximation is relatively good if the
A)expected number of cases in each category is 10 or more.
B)expected number of cases in each category is 5 or more.
C)expected number of cases in each category is 3 or more.
D)actual number of cases in each category is 10 or more.
E)actual number of cases in each category is 5 or more.

Accepted Answer

The approximation in the chi-square test is relatively good if the expected number of cases in each category is 5 or more. This is based on the rule of thumb in statistics, which states that the sample size should be sufficiently large for the distribution of the sample to be approximately normal. When the expected number of cases in each category is 5 or more, the distribution is more likely to be normal, which makes the approximation in the chi-square test more accurate.

Question 7

A frequency analysis reveals that the percentage of men owning Dalmatians is 9.93472.Which of the following is the best way to display this finding?
A)9.93472%
B)9.93%
C)10%
D)9%
E)9.9%

Accepted Answer

The answer of A frequency analysis reveals that the percentage...

Question 8

An observation that is very different in magnitude from the rest of the observations for a particular variable is a(n)
A)error.
B)blunder.
C)histogram.
D)outlier.
E)deviant.

Accepted Answer

An outlier is an observation that deviates significantly from other observations in a dataset. It is different in magnitude, and it can skew the results of statistical analyses if not handled properly. Options A, B, C, and E are not correct because they do not specifically refer to an observation that is different in magnitude from the rest of the observations.

Question 9

Which statement(s)pertaining to the chi-square distribution is FALSE?
A)The chi-square distribution is completely determined by its degrees of freedom.
B)The variable of interest is broken into k mutually exclusive categories.
C)The expected number falling into a category is generated from the null hypothesis.
D)The chi-square degrees of freedom are given by k - 2.
E)The chi-square is appropriate for independent trials.

Accepted Answer

The correct formula for degrees of freedom for chi-square is k - 1, where k is the number of categories. Therefore, statement D is false.

Question 10

Which of the following would NOT be an example of a situation involving univariate analysis?
A)A publisher of a magazine is interested in determining what proportion of the magazine's readers is male.
B)A restaurant would like to know the average income of its typical diner.
C)A car dealership is particularly interested in whether or not people who own vans are more or less likely to finance auto purchases compared with people who don't own vans.
D)A service provider needs to know her customer's average level of satisfaction with the services provided.
E)All of these are examples for which univariate analysis could be performed.

Accepted Answer

Option C involves comparing two groups (people who own vans vs people who don't), which is an example of bivariate analysis, not univariate analysis. The other options involve analyzing only one variable, and therefore, are examples of univariate analysis.

Question 11

For which of the following is frequency analysis NOT useful?
A)Understanding the relationship between two variables
B)Communicating the results of a study
C)Determining the degree of item nonresponse
D)Locating blunders
E)Locating outliers

Accepted Answer

Frequency analysis is useful in understanding the relationship between two variables as it helps to identify patterns and trends in the data. Therefore, frequency analysis is not useful for option A.

Question 12

Univariate analysis refers to analyzing
A)the relationship between variables.
B)a variable in isolation.
C)the unit variation for a variable.
D)All of these are correct.
E)None of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

Univariate analysis focuses on analyzing a single variable in isolation, without considering any relationships with other variables. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Option A is referring to bivariate analysis, and option C is referring to variability analysis, which are not included in the scope of univariate analysis. Option D is incorrect because it includes options that are not related to univariate analysis. Option E is incorrect because there is a correct answer.

Question 13

A frequency analysis is useful for
A)locating blunders.
B)determining the empirical distribution of the variable in question.
C)determining the relationship between two variables.
D)locating blunders and determining the empirical distribution of the variable in question.
E)All ofthese are correct.

Accepted Answer

A frequency analysis can help locate blunders by identifying outliers or improbable values, and it can also determine the empirical distribution of the variable in question by showing the frequency of each value or range of values. However, it is not typically used for determining the relationship between two variables, as that is better accomplished through correlation or regression analysis. Therefore, D is the best choice as it accurately describes the main uses of frequency analysis.

Question 14

A researcher is interested in analyzing a set of nominal data to determine if the observed pattern of frequencies corresponds to the expected pattern.The appropriate statistical technique is
A)chi-square goodness-of-fit.
B)regression analysis.
C)z-test for comparing sample proportion against a standard.
D)z-test for comparing sample mean against a standard.
E)frequency analysis.

Accepted Answer

Chi-square goodness-of-fit is used to determine if the observed pattern of frequencies corresponds to the expected pattern in nominal data. Regression analysis is used to examine the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. Z-test for comparing sample proportion against a standard and z-test for comparing sample mean against a standard are used for analyzing numerical data. Frequency analysis is a descriptive technique used to analyze the distribution of nominal or ordinal data.

Question 15

Categorical measures are most commonly used to
A)calculate confidence intervals.
B)group respondents or objects into groups.
C)determine the standard deviation.
D)develop histograms.
E)All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

Categorical measures are used to group respondents or objects into categories or groups based on a particular characteristic or attribute. Examples include demographic variables like age groups, gender, or ethnicity. Categorical measures are also used in market research to group customers or respondents based on their buying patterns or preferences. While categorical measures can be used in data analysis, they are not typically used to calculate confidence intervals, determine standard deviation, or develop histograms.

Question 16

It is possible to produce frequencies for
A)nominal measures only.
B)ordinal measures only.
C)categorical measures only.
D)any variables in a study.
E)None of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

Frequencies can be produced for any variables in a study, including nominal, ordinal, and categorical measures. Therefore, option D is the correct choice. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as they limit the types of variables that frequencies can be produced for.

Question 17

A major car manufacturer was interested in whether its midsize car was selling consistently in two markets with respect to the annual income of the car purchasers.Five-hundred new car buyers in Chicago and Miami were surveyed.In Chicago,the following pattern was observed: < $20,000 5%;$20,000-$29,999 0%;$30,000-$39,999 40%;$40,000-$49,999 30%;≥ $50,000 5%.Among those surveyed in Miami,20 earned under $20,000;70 earned between $20,000 and $30,000;265 earned between $30,000 and $40,000;125 earned between $40,000 and $50,000;and 20 earned more than $50,000.Using the data provided,the calculated value of |2 =
A)0.883
B)36.30
C)11.95
D)−0.542
E)Not enough information is provided to calculate the value.

Accepted Answer

The question seems to refer to a statistical test, likely a chi-square test given the context of comparing distributions across two groups. However, without specifying the exact formula or test being referred to by "|2", it's challenging to provide a detailed explanation. The correct answer likely involves calculating the differences in proportions or counts between the two groups across the income categories and applying a statistical formula that would yield a chi-square statistic, which is often used to compare observed frequencies with expected frequencies in categorical data. The value of 36.30 suggests a significant difference between the two groups' income distributions, assuming this value is a chi-square statistic.

Question 18

A frequency analysis is NOT used to
A)locate blunders.
B)locate outliers.
C)determine the empirical distribution of the variable.
D)communicate the results of the study.
E)determine the relationship between two variables.

Accepted Answer

Frequency analysis is used to determine the empirical distribution of a variable by counting the frequency of each value or range of values. It can also be used to locate blunders and outliers. However, it is not typically used to determine the relationship between two variables.

Question 19

A bar chart where the values of a variable are placed along the X-axis and the absolute or relative frequency along the Y-axis is called a ____ and can be developed from the ____.
A)bar graph,cumulative data
B)frequency polygon,one-way frequency tabulation
C)cumulative distribution graph,cumulative data
D)histogram,uncoded data
E)histogram,one-way frequency tabulation

Accepted Answer

A bar chart where the values of a variable are placed along the X-axis and the absolute or relative frequency along the Y-axis is called a histogram, which can be developed from a one-way frequency tabulation. Thus, the correct answer is option E.

Question 20

Which types of measurement are used to group respondents or objects into groups or categories and are thus referred to as categorical measures?
A)Nominal and interval
B)Ordinal and ratio
C)Ratio and interval
D)Nominal and ordinal
E)Ordinal and interval

Accepted Answer

Categorical measures are used to group respondents or objects into categories or classes. Nominal and ordinal measures are both categorical measures. Nominal measures categorize respondents or objects into unordered groups or classes, and ordinal measures categorize respondents or objects into ordered groups or classes. Therefore, the best choice is D - nominal and ordinal measures.

Quiz 17: Analysis and Interpretation: Individual Variables Independently

Some of the commonly used measures of location such as the median or quartiles can be read directly from a

Data analysis hinges on which of the following considerations about the variable(s) to be analyzed?

When performing frequency analysis

Histograms are used to

The chi-square test is an approximate test.The approximation is relatively good if the

A frequency analysis reveals that the percentage of men owning Dalmatians is 9.93472.Which of the following is the best way to display this finding?

An observation that is very different in magnitude from the rest of the observations for a particular variable is a(n)

Which statement(s) pertaining to the chi-square distribution is FALSE?

Which of the following would NOT be an example of a situation involving univariate analysis?

For which of the following is frequency analysis NOT useful?

Univariate analysis refers to analyzing

A frequency analysis is useful for

A researcher is interested in analyzing a set of nominal data to determine if the observed pattern of frequencies corresponds to the expected pattern.The appropriate statistical technique is

Categorical measures are most commonly used to

It is possible to produce frequencies for

A frequency analysis is NOT used to

A bar chart where the values of a variable are placed along the X-axis and the absolute or relative frequency along the Y-axis is called a and can be developed from the .

Which types of measurement are used to group respondents or objects into groups or categories and are thus referred to as categorical measures?