Question 1

Based on what the text reports, one way to reduce drivers' use of gasoline by monitoring may be to

Accepted Answer

The text mentions displaying the current gas mileage on the dash of the vehicle as a potential way to reduce drivers' use of gasoline by monitoring.

Question 2

Amanda is getting ready to go out.Amanda decides to wear slacks even though the invitation says the dress requirement is "Cocktail dresses for ladies." Amanda is violating the ________ norm.

Accepted Answer

Amanda is violating the injunctive norm, which is a norm that prescribes what ought to be done or what is approved or disapproved in a given situation. The norm in this context suggests that ladies should wear cocktail dresses, and Amanda's decision to wear slacks goes against this norm.

Question 3

Recall that participants in a field experiment by Reno and his colleagues (1993) were more likely to properly dispose of a handbill left on their windshields when they saw a confederate pick up and dispose of a fast-food bag.Results of this experiment reveal the power of ________ to reduce littering behaviors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Recall that participants in a field experiment...

Question 4

Beth is the new director of the Municipal Water Conservation Board.Because the board has not been very successful in its appeals to encourage residents to stop wasting water, Beth has decided to change how their message is presented.She's decided to change the public service ads sponsored by the Municipal Water Conservation Board.Which of the following television appeals would be most likely to encourage the public to use less water?

Accepted Answer

The appeal that focuses on the individual's behavior and emphasizes the amount of water wasted in a specific activity is likely to be more effective than appeals that rely on threats or guilt. Option B provides a concrete example of water waste and encourages individuals to take action to avoid wasting water in the future. Options A, C, and D all use language that may come across as confrontational or unconvincing.

Question 5

Nancy is listening to the radio while she drives.At the same moment she hears a message from the "Keep America Beautiful" campaign, she notices a fast-food bag on the side of the road.The difference between what Nancy hears and sees reflects the difference between ________ norms and ________ norms.

Accepted Answer

The message from the “Keep America Beautiful” campaign is an example of injunctive norms, which are social norms that dictate what is perceived as appropriate behavior in a given situation. On the other hand, the fast-food bag on the side of the road is an example of a violation of descriptive norms, which are social norms that describe what people often do in a given situation. Therefore, the difference between what Nancy hears (injunctive norms) and what she sees (descriptive norms) reflects the difference between injunctive and descriptive norms.

Question 6

________ norms address people's perceptions of what other people approve of whereas ________ norms address people's perceptions of what other people actually do.

Accepted Answer

Injunctive norms refer to perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disapproved by others, while descriptive norms refer to perceptions of how people actually behave.

Question 7

During a drought, Lynne noticed that all of her neighbors had stopped watering their lawns, even though there were no laws against it.Lynne was following a ________ norm when she let her lawn turn brown, too.

Accepted Answer

Lynne was following a descriptive norm, which is a behavior that is commonly observed and accepted in a particular context, such as refraining from watering lawns during a drought.

Question 8

Research by Van Vugt and Samuelson (1999), in which water meters were installed in houses in one community, suggests that one way to resolve social dilemmas is to

Accepted Answer

Van Vugt and Samuelson's research found that installing water meters in houses led to a decrease in overall water usage because it made it easier for people to monitor their own resource use. This suggests that providing individuals with information about their own behavior and its impact on a shared resource can encourage more responsible behavior.

Question 9

Recall that Cialdini and his colleagues (1990) found that students were least likely to toss handbills to the floor when there was a piece of discarded watermelon rind on the floor, compared to experimental conditions in which the floor was completely free of litter or when handbills were already scattered on the floor.One single piece of watermelon rind significantly reduced littering because it served to remind participants

Accepted Answer

The presence of the watermelon rind acted as a descriptive norm, indicating that others had already engaged in littering behavior, which made participants more likely to follow suit.

Question 10

Amanda and Sybil are getting ready to go out, so they are comparing what they are wearing.Amanda says that she's wearing slacks even though the invitation says the dress requirement is "Cocktail dresses for ladies." Sybil decides she will wear slacks too.Sybil is conforming to the ________ norm.

Accepted Answer

Sybil is conforming to the descriptive norm, which refers to the behavior exhibited by most people in a given context. In this case, she decides to wear slacks because Amanda is doing so, indicating what is commonly done or acceptable in their social circle, despite what the formal dress code suggests.

Question 11

Under which of the following circumstances would descriptive norms work the best to reduce littering?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Under which of the following circumstances would...

Question 12

Research (Van Vugt & Samuelson, 1999) in which water meters were installed in houses in one community, suggests that when people can monitor their own use of a scarce common resource, they may use less of that resource because

Accepted Answer

When people can monitor their own use of a scarce common resource, they may use less of that resource because they become concerned for the collective good.

Question 13

You want to get your roommates' friends to quit throwing their empty cans and cigarette butts onto the ground outside your apartment.Based on what Cialdini and his colleagues (1990) found in their research, you should invoke ________ norms because they are more effective than ________ norms in reducing litter.

Accepted Answer

Cialdini and his colleagues found that descriptive norms (what people usually do) are more effective in reducing litter than injunctive norms (what people ought to do). Therefore, invoking a descriptive norm such as "most people properly dispose of their litter" may be more effective in getting roommates' friends to stop littering, rather than simply telling them "you shouldn't litter" (injunctive norm). Additionally, making the norm salient (highlighting or emphasizing it) may also increase its effectiveness, which is not addressed in the question.

Question 14

Why is it, in the study by Cialdini and his colleagues (1990), that a single piece of trash is more effective at reducing litter than a perfectly clean landscape?

Accepted Answer

The presence of a single piece of trash in an otherwise clean area creates a contrast effect that draws attention to the act of littering and reminds people of the norm against it. This contrasts with an area that is already littered, where the presence of additional trash may simply blend in and not be as noticeable.

Question 15

Which of the following anti-litter campaigns relies most on injunctive norms?

Accepted Answer

"Don't Mess with Texas!" is a slogan that emphasizes the social norm that littering is not acceptable in Texas. It communicates an injunctive norm because it implies that people who litter are going against what is socially acceptable. The other options may rely more on descriptive norms (what people actually do) or emotional appeals rather than emphasizing the social norm of not littering.

Question 16

Based on research by Cialdini and his colleagues (1990), Lola would be the LEAST likely to toss her lunch bag on the ground in a space that

Accepted Answer

The answer of Based on research by Cialdini and his...

Question 17

Public safety officials want to increase the use of seat belts among drivers and have decided to show a television ad documenting the rising use of seat belts among drivers.This represents the use of ________ norms to change safety behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Descriptive norms refer to the perception of what is common or usual behavior in a particular situation. Showing a television ad documenting the rising use of seat belts among drivers is an example of using descriptive norms to encourage more people to follow the trend and wear seat belts. It highlights that wearing a seat belt is a common and expected behavior among drivers, thus increasing the likelihood of others following suit.

Question 18

Cialdini and his colleagues (1990) argue that in general, ________ norms are more effective than ________ norms in reducing litter.

Accepted Answer

Descriptive norms refer to people's perceptions of what is typical or common behavior in a given situation, while injunctive norms refer to people's perceptions of what is appropriate or approved behavior in a given situation. Cialdini and his colleagues found that descriptive norms (e.g. seeing that most people dispose of litter properly) are more effective in reducing litter than injunctive norms (e.g. signs that say "Please don't litter").

Question 19

Descriptive norms work the best to reduce litter when

Accepted Answer

Descriptive norms are most effective when everyone cooperates because they rely on the observation of others' behaviors to influence individuals to conform to the group norm.

Question 20

Catherine and Gabriel are picnicking in the park.They would be LEAST likely to litter when

Accepted Answer

The answer of Catherine and Gabriel are picnicking in the...

Quiz 14: Making a Difference With Social Psychology: Attaining a Sustainable Future

Based on what the text reports, one way to reduce drivers' use of gasoline by monitoring may be to

Amanda is getting ready to go out.Amanda decides to wear slacks even though the invitation says the dress requirement is "Cocktail dresses for ladies." Amanda is violating the ________ norm.

Nancy is listening to the radio while she drives.At the same moment she hears a message from the "Keep America Beautiful" campaign, she notices a fast-food bag on the side of the road.The difference between what Nancy hears and sees reflects the difference between norms and norms.

norms address people's perceptions of what other people approve of whereas norms address people's perceptions of what other people actually do.

During a drought, Lynne noticed that all of her neighbors had stopped watering their lawns, even though there were no laws against it.Lynne was following a ________ norm when she let her lawn turn brown, too.

Research by Van Vugt and Samuelson (1999) , in which water meters were installed in houses in one community, suggests that one way to resolve social dilemmas is to

Amanda and Sybil are getting ready to go out, so they are comparing what they are wearing.Amanda says that she's wearing slacks even though the invitation says the dress requirement is "Cocktail dresses for ladies." Sybil decides she will wear slacks too.Sybil is conforming to the ________ norm.

Under which of the following circumstances would descriptive norms work the best to reduce littering?

Research (Van Vugt & Samuelson, 1999) in which water meters were installed in houses in one community, suggests that when people can monitor their own use of a scarce common resource, they may use less of that resource because

You want to get your roommates' friends to quit throwing their empty cans and cigarette butts onto the ground outside your apartment.Based on what Cialdini and his colleagues (1990) found in their research, you should invoke norms because they are more effective than norms in reducing litter.

Why is it, in the study by Cialdini and his colleagues (1990) , that a single piece of trash is more effective at reducing litter than a perfectly clean landscape?

Which of the following anti-litter campaigns relies most on injunctive norms?

Based on research by Cialdini and his colleagues (1990) , Lola would be the LEAST likely to toss her lunch bag on the ground in a space that

Public safety officials want to increase the use of seat belts among drivers and have decided to show a television ad documenting the rising use of seat belts among drivers.This represents the use of ________ norms to change safety behaviors.

Cialdini and his colleagues (1990) argue that in general, norms are more effective than norms in reducing litter.

Descriptive norms work the best to reduce litter when

Catherine and Gabriel are picnicking in the park.They would be LEAST likely to litter when