Question 1

Athletes like Derek Jeter and Mia Hamm feel that they aren't great athletes, but that they became great through effort and hard work, and that they can continue to grow through effort.What type of mindset does this best exemplify?

Accepted Answer

The quote from Derek Jeter and Mia Hamm suggests a growth mindset, which is the belief that abilities can be developed through effort and hard work. This is in contrast to a fixed mindset, which is the belief that abilities are innate and cannot be changed.

Question 2

Because they convey information to people that they are good at an activity, ________ are not likely to reduce intrinsic interest in that activity.

Accepted Answer

Performance-contingent rewards are likely to increase or maintain intrinsic interest because they directly acknowledge the individual's skill or success in the activity, reinforcing their competence and motivation.

Question 3

Kevin just got a low grade on his term paper.If Kevin has a ________ mindset, he would be most likely to give up and reduce his efforts in the class, feeling as though he is just "a bad writer."

Accepted Answer

A fixed mindset involves the belief that one's abilities and intelligence are immutable traits. This means that if Kevin has a fixed mindset, he is likely to view the low grade as evidence that he is simply not good at writing and therefore may give up on trying to improve his skills. A growth mindset, on the other hand, involves the belief that one's abilities can be developed through hard work and dedication. Therefore, if Kevin had a growth mindset, he would be more likely to view the low grade as a learning opportunity and work to improve his writing skills in the future. The other answer choices (C and D) are not relevant to the concept of mindset and do not reflect how Kevin is likely to respond to the low grade.

Question 4

Rewards are not as likely to undermine intrinsic motivation when

Accepted Answer

Rewards that depend on how well people perform the task in question are more likely to enhance intrinsic motivation because they provide feedback on competence and offer a sense of accomplishment, rather than just being given for participation. This aligns with the idea of mastery-oriented goals and promotes a growth mindset.

Question 5

Shellie has a growth mindset.She has just found out that she did poorly on an exam.Which of the following is she most likely to do?

Accepted Answer

Since Shellie has a growth mindset, she believes that her abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work. Therefore, upon receiving a poor exam score, she is likely to try even harder to succeed and improve her performance in the future.

Question 6

Mrs.Hill has decided to provide her first-grade students with gold stars to reward them for reading.She has decided to use performance-contingent rewards.To do this, she will give gold stars

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mrs.Hill has decided to provide her first-grade...

Question 7

The two factors necessary to experience an emotion according to Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion are

Accepted Answer

According to Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion, two factors necessary for experiencing an emotion are physiological arousal and an appropriate explanation of that arousal. In other words, when we experience physiological arousal, we search for an explanation or label to attach to it, and this label or interpretation can determine the emotion we experience. For example, if we feel our heart racing and sweaty palms while on a rollercoaster, our interpretation of those physical sensations as excitement or fear will shape our emotional response.

Question 8

According to research by Dweck, a ________ is more likely to promote success both athletically and academically.

Accepted Answer

Dweck's research shows that individuals with a growth mindset, who believe that their abilities can be developed through hard work and persistence, are more likely to achieve success both athletically and academically. A positive mental attitude and strong social support network can certainly contribute to success, but the mindset of believing in the potential for growth and improvement is the most important factor according to Dweck's findings. A fixed mindset, on the other hand, can hold individuals back from reaching their full potential as they believe their abilities are fixed and cannot be changed.

Question 9

If you are experiencing physiological arousal (heart pounding, feeling warm and a bit shaky), according to the two-factor theory of emotion, what would you do next to provide an interpretation of the arousal?

Accepted Answer

According to the two-factor theory of emotion, physiological arousal alone is not enough to determine the emotion being experienced. An interpretation of the arousal is necessary, and this interpretation is influenced by cues from the environment. Therefore, looking for cues from the environment would be the best choice to provide an interpretation of the arousal.

Question 10

The mindset that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and nurture best describes a ________ mindset.

Accepted Answer

The idea that our abilities or intelligence can be developed through hard work and effort is described as a growth mindset. This contrasts with a fixed mindset, which implies that our abilities are predetermined and cannot be changed. Intrinsic and overjustified mindsets are not relevant to the concept of growth versus fixed mindsets.

Question 11

Mrs.Hill has decided to provide her first-grade students with gold stars to reward them for reading.She has decided to use performance-contingent rewards.However, in using these, she must also be careful to ________ so that using the rewards does not backfire.

Accepted Answer

Using performance-contingent rewards can lead to students feeling tense about being evaluated or feeling like they are only reading for the reward, rather than for the enjoyment of reading. It is important for Mrs. Hill to avoid this negative outcome. Encouraging cooperation among students and encouraging them to write about what they read can be beneficial, but they are not directly related to avoiding the negative effects of performance-contingent rewards. Avoiding competition among students may also be beneficial, but it is not the best choice for this particular question.

Question 12

Schachter's (1964) two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we first experience ________ and then subsequently seek to ________.

Accepted Answer

Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion proposes that we first experience physiological arousal, which is then interpreted and labeled based on situational cues and personal factors. In other words, we first experience a state of physiological arousal, which could be due to any number of reasons (e.g. exercise, fear, excitement), and then seek to label and understand that arousal in the context of our current situation, which leads to the experience of a particular emotion.

Question 13

A fixed mindset is the idea that abilities are

Accepted Answer

A fixed mindset is the belief that one's qualities, such as intelligence or talent, are fixed and cannot be changed. This belief can lead to a fear of failure and a lack of effort to improve, as individuals believe that their abilities are already predetermined.

Question 14

Imagine that you are a participant in the experiment conducted by Schachter and Singer (1962).You were injected with a vitamin compound called Suproxin and told that you might experience an increased heart rate, hand tremors, and sweaty palms.Further imagine that while completing a questionnaire, the person in the room with you begins to act angry, tears up the questionnaire, and storms from the room.You are likely to ________ because ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine that you are a participant in...

Question 15

A coach wants to motivate his soccer team to score more often by using a reward system.Based on what you read about preserving intrinsic motivation, how is it best for him to reward his team?

Accepted Answer

Performance-contingent rewards are the best choice as they focus on rewarding the team for achieving specific goals related to their performance, rather than just participating in the task. This type of reward encourages the team to strive for excellence and attain mastery, which helps build intrinsic motivation. Task-contingent rewards, on the other hand, only reward for completing a task without necessarily emphasizing the quality of the work done. Negative reinforcement and yelling at the team can be demotivating and may cause the players to develop a negative attitude towards the game. Verbal praise can be effective, but it should be specific and related to the performance, rather than just a general comment.

Question 16

At the amusement park, Keon's heart begins beating rapidly and his palms begin to sweat.He reasons that since he is next in line for a ride on a roller coaster, he must be feeling exhilarated.This sequence of events in which Keon first perceives his arousal and subsequently labels it is consistent with the

Accepted Answer

The sequence of events described in the scenario, where Keon perceives his arousal and then labels it based on the context, is consistent with the two-factor theory of emotion. This theory suggests that physiological arousal is first experienced, followed by cognitive interpretation based on the context or situation, leading to the experience of an emotion. In this case, Keon's physiological arousal (heart beating rapidly, palms sweating) is interpreted in the context of being next in line for a roller coaster, leading to the experience of exhilaration.

Question 17

Complete the following analogy: "practice makes perfect": ________ :: "born leader" : ________.

Accepted Answer

The analogy "born leader" : "growth mindset" works best because a person who is considered a "born leader" may have certain innate traits or qualities that make them a natural at leading, but without a growth mindset and a willingness to work hard and learn from experience, they may not reach their full potential as a leader. Similarly, "practice makes perfect" implies that consistent effort and improvement are necessary to achieve mastery in a certain skill or area.

Question 18

Michelle is going to be rewarded for completing a task, no matter how well (or poorly) it is done.This is the best definition of

Accepted Answer

Task-contingent rewards are given simply for completing a task, regardless of how well it was done. Reinforcement, on the other hand, typically involves rewarding behavior that is desired or punishing behavior that is undesired. Intrinsic motivation refers to being motivated by internal factors such as enjoyment or personal satisfaction, and performance-contingent rewards are given for achieving a certain level of performance or reaching a specific goal.

Question 19

Reading programs that are intended to encourage children to read more by paying them to read books is an example of using

Accepted Answer

The use of rewards, in this case paying children to read, is an example of a task-contingent reward because the reward is contingent upon completing a specific task (reading books). Performance-contingent rewards would be given for achieving a certain level of performance or skill in the activity itself, rather than for completing the task. Negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior, which is not applicable in this scenario. Intrinsic motivation refers to performing an activity for the inherent enjoyment or satisfaction of the activity itself, rather than for external rewards.

Question 20

Complete the analogy about mindsets: fixed mindset: ________ :: growth mindset: ________.

Accepted Answer

A fixed mindset is characterized by the belief that abilities are unchangeable, while a growth mindset is characterized by the belief that abilities can be developed and are malleable.

Quiz 5: The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context