Question 1

Vennig,Kettler,Eliot,and Wilson (2009)found preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of increasing hopefulness to prevent the onset of depression.Their findings demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

The study found that therapies that included several hopeful elements were more effective at preventing depression than therapies that did not include hopeful elements. This suggests that increasing hopefulness can be an important factor in preventing the onset of depression.

Question 2

According to SPT,a person experiences social anxiety only if they really want to make a particular impression.

Accepted Answer

Social Penetration Theory (SPT) primarily explains how relational closeness develops through self-disclosure, rather than focusing specifically on the conditions under which social anxiety occurs. Social anxiety can arise from various factors, not solely from the desire to make a particular impression.

Question 3

If someone is suffering from depression but gets diagnosed with an anxiety disorder,the clinician who made the diagnosis made both a ______ judgment and a ______ judgment.

Accepted Answer

The clinician made a false negative judgment regarding the depression (failing to identify it as a diagnosis) and a false positive judgment regarding the anxiety disorder (identifying it as a diagnosis when it may not be present).

Question 4

A bias that occurs when a therapist's first impression about a client's problem artificially constricts his or her subsequent analysis is called the ______.

Accepted Answer

The anchoring effect occurs when a therapist's first impression about a client's problem influences their subsequent analysis, potentially leading them to overlook or downplay important information that does not fit with their initial perception. This bias can interfere with an accurate understanding of the client's situation and may impede effective treatment. The other options (base rate fallacy, availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic) are all cognitive biases that can impact decision-making in different ways, but they do not apply specifically to the therapist-client dynamic.

Question 5

False negative is the name of the error made when someone is inappropriately diagnosed with a disorder.

Accepted Answer

False negative is the name of the error made when someone is inappropriately diagnosed as not having a disorder when they actually do have it.

Question 6

It has been suggested that social anxiety

Accepted Answer

There is evidence to suggest that the sources of social anxiety may differ across cultures. For example, in individualistic cultures, social anxiety may stem from a fear of standing out or being judged as inadequate, while in collectivist cultures, social anxiety may stem from a fear of harming group harmony or bringing shame to oneself or one's family. Therefore, option A and B are incorrect. Option D is also incorrect because social anxiety has been described as a problem throughout history, although it may not have been recognized or diagnosed as such.

Question 7

Social anxiety is a type of emotional distress that can vary in intensity.People at the lowest end of the distress continuum are sometimes diagnosed as suffering from social phobia or social anxiety disorder.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Social anxiety is a type of emotional...

Question 8

Anticipatory embarrassment is said to be common among people who are socially anxious.Anticipatory embarrassment is the name of the emotion resulting from expecting long-term harm to one's social reputation.

Accepted Answer

Anticipatory embarrassment is the emotion experienced in anticipation of a potentially embarrassing event, not necessarily related to long-term harm to one's social reputation, but often involving immediate or short-term social situations.

Question 9

Self-presentation theory (SPT)refers to a theory of causation,a model for guiding clinical intervention as well as a heuristic device for organizing and giving order to a wide range of unrelated research.

Accepted Answer

Self-presentation theory (SPT) is a theory used to explain how people present themselves to others in order to create a desired impression. It is also used in clinical interventions and can be used to organize various research findings.

Question 10

Qualitative research is an ideal method to understand the experience of psychological illness as it privileges the meanings that individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem.

Accepted Answer

Qualitative research allows for in-depth exploration of individual and group perspectives, and therefore can effectively capture the subjective experiences and meanings related to psychological illness.

Question 11

In the "Focus on Research" in the clinical chapter,research by Rosenhan (1973)was presented in which people were admitted to psychiatric wards.This research demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

Rosenhan's research demonstrated that false positives (being diagnosed with a mental illness despite not having one) can bias the way people are viewed and treated, leading to potential harm. This was illustrated by the fact that the "pseudopatients" in the study were often not able to convince the hospital staff that they were not mentally ill, even after their symptoms had resolved.

Question 12

Research on reducing biases in clinical diagnoses has shown that specialized training

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that specialized training can be effective in reducing biases in clinical diagnoses. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness of the training may depend on factors such as the content of the training and the method of delivery.

Question 13

Researchers have noted that there is a gap between basic social psychological research and clinical practice.Some psychologists have attempted to bridge the gap between social psychology and clinical psychology.The term associated with this bridge is called the social-clinical interface.

Accepted Answer

The statement correctly defines the concept of social-clinical interface and highlights the existing gap between social psychological research and clinical practice.

Question 14

If someone is not suffering from depression but gets diagnosed with depression anyway,the clinician who made the diagnosis made a ______ judgment.

Accepted Answer

A false positive judgment is when the clinician diagnoses someone with a disorder when they do not actually have it. In this case, the person is not suffering from depression but is diagnosed with depression anyway.

Question 15

Joan,a therapist,thinks Ben,her patient,suffers from social anxiety disorder.Based on what was reviewed in Chapter 5 about bias in the therapeutic situation,which of the following questions is Joan most likely to ask Ben?

Accepted Answer

Joan is most likely to ask Ben about his discomfort in novel situations, as it is a common symptom of social anxiety disorder. Asking about depression (A) or ease of talking to strangers (B) may not necessarily relate to diagnosing social anxiety disorder. The question about a picture (D) does not relate to the topic of social anxiety disorder at all.

Question 16

After a person has formed an impression about something or someone,new information that is discrepant from the initial impression will tend to be discounted.This phenomenon is known as the ______.

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to favor information that confirms preexisting beliefs or assumptions. Once an initial impression has been formed, people tend to seek out information that confirms that impression and discount information that conflicts with it. This can lead to an overall lack of objectivity and a resistance to changing one's beliefs, even in the face of contradictory evidence.

Question 17

Someone who has been stigmatized with a diagnostic psychiatric label will be perceived by others as ______ to commit a violent act compared with someone without such a label.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that individuals with psychiatric labels, even those who have never exhibited violent behavior, are more likely to be perceived as potentially violent by others. This is due to the stigma attached to mental illness and the stereotype that those with mental illness are dangerous.

Question 18

As highlighted in the text,self-presentational motivation describes the degree to which people are concerned with how others perceive them.When self-presentational motivation is low,people are not very concerned with how others view them; however,when self-presentational motivation is high,people are very concerned with ensuring that others have a particular image of them.

Accepted Answer

This is what is stated in the text.

Question 19

Cross-cultural research on social anxiety suggests that people from the East and West

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research has shown that people from the East and West experience social anxiety for somewhat different reasons. For example, individuals from East Asian cultures may be more likely to experience social anxiety related to interpersonal harmony and a fear of losing face, whereas individuals from Western cultures may be more likely to experience social anxiety related to the evaluation of their competence and performance. This suggests that social anxiety is not a universal phenomenon experienced in exactly the same way across all cultures.

Question 20

Helplessness,otherwise referred to as negative outcome expectancy describes pessimistic attributions in which people who are prone to depression believe that they cannot do or say anything to change their unfortunate circumstances.

Accepted Answer

Helplessness, also known as negative outcome expectancy, is a characteristic of depression that involves feeling like one cannot do anything to change their situation.

Quiz 5: Applying Social Psychology to Clinical and Counseling Psychology

Vennig,Kettler,Eliot,and Wilson (2009) found preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of increasing hopefulness to prevent the onset of depression.Their findings demonstrated that