Question 1

The functional theory of attitudes was initially developed to explain how ________.

Accepted Answer

The functional theory of attitudes was developed to explain how attitudes facilitate social behavior. It suggests that attitudes serve four primary functions: utilitarian, knowledge, ego-defensive, and value-expressive. These functions help individuals to adapt to their social environment and interact effectively with others.

Question 2

Which theory of attitudes states that people are motivated to take action to resolve inconsistencies between attitudes and behaviors?

Accepted Answer

The theory of cognitive dissonance suggests that individuals experience mental discomfort or dissonance when their attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent. To resolve this inconsistency, they are motivated to take action, such as changing their attitude or behavior, in order to reduce the discomfort.

Question 3

All multiattribute attitude models specify the importance of three elements. Two of those elements are attributes and beliefs. What is the third element?

Accepted Answer

D

Question 4

The theory of cognitive dissonance is based on the ________.

Accepted Answer

The theory of cognitive dissonance is based on the principle of cognitive consistency, which states that individuals strive to maintain consistent attitudes and beliefs in order to minimize cognitive dissonance, or the mental discomfort that arises from holding conflicting beliefs or values.

Question 5

What is the first step in the standard learning theory hierarchy approach?

Accepted Answer

The first step in the standard learning theory hierarchy approach is cognition, which involves acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.

Question 6

Which of the following attitude functions is associated with a focus on particular social identities and lifestyles (e.g., "What sort of man reads Playboy?")?

Accepted Answer

The value-expressive function of attitudes is concerned with expressing oneself and one's social identity. Asking what sort of person reads Playboy is an example of a value-expressive attitude function as it is tied to social identity and lifestyle.

Question 7

The balance theory perspective involves relations among three elements (a triad). Which of the following is one of the elements of the triad?

Accepted Answer

The balance theory perspective involves a triad of relations among three elements: a person (P), another person or object (O), and a perception or aspect (X). The element "a person and his or her perceptions" directly relates to this theory by involving the person (P) and their perceptions or attitudes towards the other elements in the triad.

Question 8

According to the basic ABC model of attitudes, ________ refers to the beliefs a consumer has about an attitude object.

Accepted Answer

According to the basic ABC model of attitudes, cognition refers to the beliefs a consumer has about an attitude object. Affect refers to the feelings or emotions associated with the object, while Approval refers to the evaluation or overall assessment of the object. Conditions refer to the situational or contextual factors that may influence the attitude.

Question 9

According to the Fishbein model, one of the components of attitude is the ________ people have about an Ao.

Accepted Answer

According to the Fishbein model, one of the components of attitude is the salient beliefs people have about an Ao. Salient beliefs are the beliefs that come to mind when a person thinks about an Ao and can influence their overall attitude towards it.

Question 10

Which theory of attitudes assumes that people assimilate new information about attitude objects in light of what they already know and feel, using an initial attitude as a frame of reference to categorize new information?

Accepted Answer

Social judgment theory proposes that people compare new information about attitude objects to their existing attitudes and sort it into categories based on their existing attitudes. This means that the initial attitude serves as a frame of reference for how new information is perceived and categorized.

Question 11

Researchers agree that there are various levels of commitment to an attitude. The highest level of involvement is ________.

Accepted Answer

Internalization is the highest level of commitment to an attitude. At this level, the attitude becomes part of the individual's value system and is deeply ingrained in their beliefs and behavior. Identification refers to a more moderate level of commitment, where an individual adopts an attitude to fit in with a particular group or social identity. Compliance refers to the lowest level of commitment, where an individual agrees with an attitude or behavior to gain reward or avoid punishment, but does not necessarily believe in it. Actualization is not a recognized level of attitude commitment.

Question 12

Which theory of attitudes assumes that people use observations of their own behavior to determine what their attitudes are?

Accepted Answer

Self-perception theory assumes that people use observations of their own behavior to determine what their attitudes are. This means that people infer their attitudes based on their own behavior and their perception of the circumstances in which the behavior occurred.

Question 13

What do the "A, B, Cs" of the ABC model of attitudes stand for?

Accepted Answer

The ABC model of attitudes stands for affect, behavior, and cognition. Affect refers to the emotional component of attitudes, behavior refers to the actions or behavior that are associated with attitudes, and cognition refers to the beliefs or thoughts associated with attitudes. Therefore, option B is the right choice for this question.

Question 14

Researchers have added to the original Fishbein multiattribute model. The name of this extended-Fishbein model is the ________.

Accepted Answer

The theory of reasoned action (TRA) is an extension of the Fishbein multiattribute model. It incorporates the concept of subjective norms, which are the beliefs individuals have about whether important others around them approve or disapprove of a particular behavior.

Question 15

A(n) ________ is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, advertisements, or issues.

Accepted Answer

A lasting, general evaluation of people (including oneself), objects, advertisements, or issues is known as an attitude. A principle is a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of beliefs or behavior. A belief is an acceptance that something is true or real, often without proof or evidence. A theory is an explanation or model for how a phenomenon works, based on observation and experimentation.

Question 16

According to the ________ hierarchy, the consumer considers purchases based on an attitude of hedonic consumption (such as how the product makes him or her feel or the fun its use will provide).

Accepted Answer

The experiential hierarchy emphasizes the importance of hedonic consumption in the decision-making process. It suggests that consumers consider purchases based on the potential for enjoyment and unique experiences.

Question 17

Which of the following theoretical models measures attitude toward the act of buying (Aact), rather than the attitude toward only the product itself?

Accepted Answer

The theory of reasoned action measures attitude toward the act of buying (Aact), as well as subjective norms, which influence the intention to buy, rather than just the attitude toward the product itself. The theory of cognitive dissonance is concerned with reducing cognitive dissonance after a purchase, rather than measuring attitudes. The balance theory is concerned with the consistency of attitudes among individuals. The theory of trying is concerned with the effort an individual is willing to put into a behavior, rather than measuring attitudes.

Question 18

The ________ function of attitudes applies when a person is in an ambiguous situation and needs order, structure, or meaning.

Accepted Answer

The knowledge function of attitudes refers to the way in which attitudes help people to organize and structure their understanding of the world around them. When someone is in a situation where there is a lack of clarity or ambiguity, they may turn to their attitudes as a way of providing some order and structure to the situation. As a result, their attitudes will serve a key function in helping them to make sense of what is happening and guide them in their decision-making.

Question 19

Despite improvements to the Fishbein model, all of the following are considered to be obstacles to predicting behavior using this model EXCEPT which one?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Despite improvements to the Fishbein model, all...

Question 20

The ________ hierarchy assumes the consumer does not initially have a strong preference for one brand over another. Instead, he acts on the basis of limited knowledge and then forms an evaluation only after the product has been purchased or used.

Accepted Answer

The described hierarchy is known as the low-involvement hierarchy, which is characterized by low levels of consumer involvement and limited knowledge or prior experience with a brand. Consumers in this hierarchy may make relatively quick and spontaneous purchase decisions based on minimal information, and then form their evaluations after the fact.

Quiz 7: Attitudes and Persuasion