Question 1

Which theory listed below assumes that learning takes place as the result of responses to external events?
A) behavioral learning
B) episodic learning
C) incidental learning
D) Gestalt learning

Accepted Answer

Behavioral learning theory assumes that learning takes place as the result of responses to external events, such as rewards and punishments. Episodic learning focuses on learning from personal experiences, incidental learning occurs without intention, and Gestalt learning emphasizes the importance of perception and organization in learning.

Question 2

If a woman gets compliments after wearing Obsession perfume, she is more likely to keep buying the product and wearing it. What type of instrumental conditioning has occurred in the situation?
A) neutral reinforcement
B) positive reinforcement
C) negative reinforcement
D) symbolic reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement has occurred in this situation. The compliments serve as a reward that increases the likelihood of the woman continuing to buy and wear the perfume.

Question 3

According to the theory of classical conditioning, ________ should be encouraged by promoting unique attributes of a well-established brand.
A) stimulus generalization
B) the halo effect
C) stimulus discrimination
D) extinction

Accepted Answer

According to the theory of classical conditioning, stimulus discrimination occurs when a person learns to differentiate between similar stimuli and responds differently to each one. In the context of branding, this would mean that promoting the unique attributes of a well-established brand can help consumers differentiate it from other similar brands and develop stronger brand loyalty.

Question 4

A woman no longer receives compliments on the perfume that she wears. In learning terms, the stimulus-response connection has weakened. Which of the following processes best explains what has occurred in the example?
A) negative reinforcement
B) extinction
C) discrimination
D) generalization

Accepted Answer

Extinction refers to the weakening of a learned response over time due to the absence or removal of the original stimulus. In this case, the lack of compliments on the perfume has weakened the stimulus-response connection. Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior, discrimination refers to the ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond accordingly, and generalization refers to the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original, learned stimulus.

Question 5

Determining the most effective reinforcement schedule to use with consumers is important to marketers. What type of reinforcement schedule is most likely being used when after a period of time has passed, the first response a consumer makes brings the reward?
A) fixed-interval reinforcement
B) variable-interval reinforcement
C) fixed-ratio reinforcement
D) variable-ratio reinforcement

Accepted Answer

In a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule, the reward is given after a fixed amount of time has passed, regardless of the number of responses made by the consumer within that time period. The first response made by the consumer after the time interval has passed is rewarded, which is consistent with the scenario described in the question.

Question 6

Stimulus generalization refers to ________.
A) the tendency for stimuli to be similar in nature
B) the fact that most conditioned stimuli are similar to unconditioned stimuli
C) the tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus (CS) to evoke similar, conditioned responses
D) the tendency for extinction to occur when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a stimulus similar to a conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization refers to the tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus (CS) to evoke similar conditioned responses. This means that a response that has been learned in response to a specific stimulus will also be elicited by similar stimuli.

Question 7

If a conditioned stimulus is only occasionally matched with an unconditioned stimulus, the association between the two will become weakened. This is called ________.
A) generalization
B) interference
C) the spacing effect
D) extinction

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as extinction, where the conditioned response gradually disappears when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 8

A department store decides to use "secret shoppers" at unannounced times to test for service quality among its personnel. Store personnel are rewarded for excellent service attitudes. Which of the following reinforcement schedules would most likely apply in this situation?
A) fixed-ratio reinforcement
B) fixed-interval reinforcement
C) variable-frequency reinforcement
D) variable-interval reinforcement

Accepted Answer

The use of secret shoppers at unannounced times creates a situation of uncertainty in terms of when reinforced behavior may occur. This aligns with the principles of variable-interval reinforcement, where reinforcement occurs after a variable and unpredictable amount of time has passed. This type of schedule is effective in maintaining consistent behavior over time, as opposed to fixed-ratio or fixed-interval schedules, which can lead to behavioral changes that are dependent on the timing or frequency of the reinforcement. The use of variable-frequency reinforcement is also possible, but may not be as effective as variable-interval reinforcement in maintaining long-term behavior patterns.

Question 9

________ was first demonstrated in experiments performed on dogs by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist doing research on digestion in animals.
A) Instrumental conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Cognitive conditioning
D) Extinction conditioning

Accepted Answer

The type of conditioning that was first demonstrated in experiments performed on dogs by Ivan Pavlov was classical conditioning.

Question 10

Which of the following occurs when a customer learns that two products are different even though the packages of both products look similar?
A) extinction
B) brand equity
C) stimulus generalization
D) stimulus discrimination

Accepted Answer

When a customer learns that two products are different even though the packages of both products look similar, it is an example of stimulus discrimination, which is the ability to differentiate between similar but distinct stimuli.

Question 11

What mechanism is used when a consumer learns to perform responses that produce positive outcomes?
A) extinction
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement

Accepted Answer

This is the definition of positive reinforcement, where an individual is more likely to repeat a behavior that leads to a positive outcome, such as receiving a reward.

Question 12

Another name for instrumental conditioning is ________ conditioning.
A) operant
B) neo-classical
C) stimulus
D) reward

Accepted Answer

Instrumental conditioning is also known as operant conditioning because it involves learning through the consequences (rewards or punishments) of one's behavior (or operants).

Question 13

Much learning takes effort and time, but some learning is so casual as to be unintentional. This type of learning is referred to as ________ learning.
A) stage one
B) subliminal
C) incidental
D) evoked

Accepted Answer

Incidental learning refers to unintentional or casual learning that occurs without any deliberate effort or attention. It can happen through observation, experience, or interaction with the environment.

Question 14

Behavioral learning theorists do not focus on internal thought processes; rather, they look to external evidence to study learning. What aspects of the environment are of most concern to behaviorists in studying learning?
A) energy and work
B) stimulus and response
C) thought and memory
D) sensation and perception

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists are primarily concerned with studying the relationship between stimulus (external environmental factors) and response (observable behavior). They are less concerned with internal thought processes, such as thought and memory, and focus on the observable aspects of learning. Therefore, the most relevant aspect of the environment for behaviorists is stimulus and response.

Question 15

Family branding, licensing, and look-alike packaging are all marketing strategies based on ________.
A) stimulus generalization
B) the spacing effect
C) stimulus discrimination
D) extinction

Accepted Answer

Family branding, licensing, and look-alike packaging all rely on stimulus generalization, which is the tendency of consumers to respond in the same way to similar but not identical stimuli. By creating a consistent image and brand across related products, companies can stimulate a positive response from consumers and increase sales.

Question 16

The researcher and theorist most associated with instrumental conditioning is ________.
A) Pavlov
B) Skinner
C) Keller
D) Werner

Accepted Answer

Instrumental conditioning is also known as operant conditioning, which was extensively studied by B.F. Skinner. Pavlov is more closely associated with classical conditioning, while Keller and Werner are not known for their work in conditioning.

Question 17

________ refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior that is caused by experience.
A) Adjustment
B) Shaping
C) Reinforcement
D) Learning

Accepted Answer

Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior that is caused by experience. The other options, adjustment, shaping and reinforcement, are all strategies or processes that can contribute to learning, but they do not define learning in and of themselves.

Question 18

The ________ refers to the tendency people have to react to stimuli similar to an original stimulus in a classical conditioning situation in much the same way they responded to the original stimulus.
A) masking illusion
B) sensory memory
C) cueing effect
D) halo effect

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ________ refers to the tendency people...

Question 19

In instrumental conditioning, what is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment?
A) There is no difference. They are two words for the same thing.
B) Negative reinforcement can occur when a stimulus is positive, and punishment occurs when a stimulus is painful.
C) Negative reinforcement occurs when a negative outcome is avoided, while punishment occurs when an action causes a negative outcome.
D) Negative reinforcement creates a preference for negative results, while punishment teaches people to avoid negative results.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves avoiding a negative outcome (e.g. taking an aspirin to avoid a headache), while punishment involves an action causing a negative outcome (e.g. receiving a speeding ticket for driving too fast). The key distinction is whether the behavior results in the avoidance of a negative outcome or the occurrence of a negative outcome.

Question 20

Classical conditioning takes place when a(n) ________ is continuously matched with a(n) ________.
A) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
B) unconditioned response; conditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
D) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning takes place when a conditioned stimulus (something that was previously neutral but now elicits a response) is continuously paired with an unconditioned stimulus (something that naturally elicits a response, like food for a hungry animal). Over time, the conditioned stimulus alone will elicit the response that was previously only elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned response is the response that is now elicited by the conditioned stimulus alone.

Quiz 3: Learning and Memory

Which theory listed below assumes that learning takes place as the result of responses to external events?

If a woman gets compliments after wearing Obsession perfume, she is more likely to keep buying the product and wearing it. What type of instrumental conditioning has occurred in the situation?

According to the theory of classical conditioning, ________ should be encouraged by promoting unique attributes of a well-established brand.

A woman no longer receives compliments on the perfume that she wears. In learning terms, the stimulus-response connection has weakened. Which of the following processes best explains what has occurred in the example?

Determining the most effective reinforcement schedule to use with consumers is important to marketers. What type of reinforcement schedule is most likely being used when after a period of time has passed, the first response a consumer makes brings the reward?

Stimulus generalization refers to ________.

If a conditioned stimulus is only occasionally matched with an unconditioned stimulus, the association between the two will become weakened. This is called ________.

A department store decides to use "secret shoppers" at unannounced times to test for service quality among its personnel. Store personnel are rewarded for excellent service attitudes. Which of the following reinforcement schedules would most likely apply in this situation?

________ was first demonstrated in experiments performed on dogs by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist doing research on digestion in animals.

Which of the following occurs when a customer learns that two products are different even though the packages of both products look similar?

What mechanism is used when a consumer learns to perform responses that produce positive outcomes?

Another name for instrumental conditioning is ________ conditioning.

Much learning takes effort and time, but some learning is so casual as to be unintentional. This type of learning is referred to as ________ learning.

Behavioral learning theorists do not focus on internal thought processes; rather, they look to external evidence to study learning. What aspects of the environment are of most concern to behaviorists in studying learning?

Family branding, licensing, and look-alike packaging are all marketing strategies based on ________.

The researcher and theorist most associated with instrumental conditioning is ________.

________ refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior that is caused by experience.

The ________ refers to the tendency people have to react to stimuli similar to an original stimulus in a classical conditioning situation in much the same way they responded to the original stimulus.

In instrumental conditioning, what is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Classical conditioning takes place when a(n) is continuously matched with a(n) .