Question 1

What type of learning theory emphasizes that people are problem solvers who actively use information from the world around them to master their environment?
A) instrumental conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

The cognitive learning theory emphasizes that people are active problem solvers who use information from their environment to learn and master new skills and knowledge. This theory focuses on the mental processes involved in learning, such as attention, perception, memory, and problem-solving, and suggests that learning occurs through the acquisition of mental knowledge structures, or schemas, which provides individuals with the ability to organize and interpret new information. In contrast, instrumental and operant conditioning focus on how behavior is shaped through the consequences of actions, and classical conditioning emphasizes the formation of associations between stimuli and responses.

Question 2

People tend to give "yes" responses to questions, regardless of what they are asked. This is an example of ________.
A) response bias
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) salience
D) nostalgia

Accepted Answer

Response bias refers to the tendency for people to answer questions in a way that is socially desirable, or that aligns with their own beliefs and attitudes. This can result in an overrepresentation of certain responses in research studies, and can impact the validity and reliability of the data collected.

Question 3

________ involves a process of acquiring information and storing it over time so that it will be available when needed.
A) Memory
B) Recognition
C) Comprehension
D) Attention

Accepted Answer

Memory involves the process of acquiring, encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. Recognition, comprehension, and attention are all important aspects of memory but do not fully encompass the entire process.

Question 4

Almost any technique that increases the novelty of a stimulus also improves recall of the stimulus. This result is called the ________.
A) highlighting effect
B) von Restorff Effect
C) spacing effect
D) halo effect

Accepted Answer

The von Restorff Effect, also known as the isolation effect, states that when presented with multiple items, the item that is different or unique from the others is more likely to be remembered. This effect supports the idea that increasing the novelty of a stimulus improves recall. The other options (highlighting effect, spacing effect, halo effect) refer to different memory phenomena and are not directly related to the concept of novelty improving recall.

Question 5

John wants to teach his dog to do tricks such as "sit up," "roll over," and "fetch a stick." By systematically rewarding his dog for responding in the correct way, John is able to accomplish great progress over a 30-day period. John was able to teach his dog using which of the following learning processes?
A) classical conditioning
B) instrumental conditioning
C) stimulation conditioning
D) extinction conditioning

Accepted Answer

The learning process that John used to teach his dog is instrumental conditioning, also known as operant conditioning. This involves rewarding a desired behavior, such as sitting up or rolling over, and gradually shaping the behavior through reinforcement. Classical conditioning involves pairing two stimuli together to create a learned response, while stimulation conditioning and extinction conditioning are not recognized learning processes within psychology.

Question 6

Which of the following has occurred when a stimulus is able to evoke a weakened response years after the stimulus was first perceived?
A) spontaneous recovery
B) scripting
C) reverse extinction
D) response bias

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a period of time. In this case, the weakened response reappears years later, indicating spontaneous recovery. Scripting refers to the process of memorizing a sequence of responses to a specific situation. Reverse extinction and response bias are not relevant to this scenario.

Question 7

The popular marketing technique known as ________ marketing applies the principles of instrumental conditioning by reinforcing regular purchases; consumers are given rewards with values that increase along with the amount purchased.
A) rebate
B) discount
C) reward
D) frequency

Accepted Answer

The answer of The popular marketing technique known as ________...

Question 8

According to the information processing-approach to studying the memory process, in the ________ stage, information enters in a way the system will recognize it.
A) storage
B) retrieval
C) encoding
D) decoding

Accepted Answer

According to the information processing approach, the first stage of memory is encoding, which is the process of inputting information into the system in a way that it can be recognized and stored. Therefore, the correct choice is C) encoding.

Question 9

Many marketers use "the good old days" as a common theme in promotional messages. This is a strategy of focusing on ________.
A) the highlighting effect
B) the halo effect
C) nostalgia
D) memory spikes

Accepted Answer

Focusing on "the good old days" is a strategy of nostalgia, appealing to people's fond memories of the past and their desire to return to simpler or happier times.

Question 10

Claudia Norman was a marketing consultant. She recommended that brand equity for a new environmentally-friendly product could be established by giving her initial customers free memberships in the Green Peace organization. Claudia used which of the following in her recommendation?
A) promotional conditioning
B) emotional learning
C) classical conditioning
D) instrumental conditioning

Accepted Answer

The answer of Claudia Norman was a marketing consultant. She...

Question 11

Herbal companies traditionally sold their products in cylinder-shaped plastic containers that were very characteristic of the herbal market. One company broke with tradition and began to sell its herbal products in bottles that appeared to be straight from the pharmacy's shelf. They were rectangular with white labels that looked very professional and very serious. Sales went through the roof. What form of stimulus generalization seems to be working for the herbal company?
A) masked branding
B) halo effect
C) continual reinforcement
D) shaping

Accepted Answer

The halo effect is a form of stimulus generalization in which positive associations with one aspect of a product or brand (in this case, a professional-looking bottle and label) carry over to other aspects, such as the perceived effectiveness of the herbal products. The change in packaging seems to have triggered this effect and boosted sales.

Question 12

________ memory permits temporary storage of information we receive from our senses.
A) Elaborative
B) Sensory
C) Cognitive
D) Working

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is responsible for storing information received from our senses for a brief period of time. This information is then either transferred to long-term memory or forgotten. Elaborative memory involves actively processing and connecting new information to existing knowledge for better retention, cognitive memory refers to long-term memory, and working memory is responsible for holding and manipulating information temporarily for cognitive tasks.

Question 13

Sam Bolton hums the Purina Cat Chow jingle as he drives down the expressway. A thought suddenly occurs to Sam: "Why am I humming this stupid jingle? I don't buy this stuff. In fact, I don't even have a cat." Sam knows this jingle through ________.
A) stimulus generalization
B) reinforcement modeling
C) incidental learning
D) operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Sam most likely learned the jingle incidentally, through exposure to the advertisement without actively seeking to learn it. This is an example of incidental learning.

Question 14

Within a knowledge structure, which of the following is the LEAST complex knowledge unit?
A) meaning
B) proposition
C) schema
D) script

Accepted Answer

Meaning is the least complex knowledge unit as it refers to the basic understanding of a concept or word. Propositions, schemas, and scripts are all more complex knowledge units as they involve multiple interconnected concepts or events.

Question 15

________ memories relate to events that are personally relevant; therefore, a person's motivation to retain these memories will likely be strong.
A) Sensory
B) Episodic
C) Primary
D) Elaborative

Accepted Answer

Episodic memories relate to personal events or experiences, and research suggests that people are more motivated to retain memories that are personally relevant or important to them. Sensory memories are brief, immediate sensory impressions that are quickly forgotten. Primary memories refer to the first pieces of information that come into awareness, while elaborative memories are those that are actively processed and organized in a meaningful way.

Question 16

Frank is sitting in his Psychology 101 class listening to his professor attempt to explain the "black box" process and its connection with learning. He suddenly smells the aroma of fresh cinnamon rolls and his mouth begins to water. He looks around and sees a student in the last row bite into a big, juicy roll. "I wish I were sitting next to him," Frank thinks, "because I know I could steal a bite." What Frank just went through in class was similar to the "black box" process being described by his professor. This process is most closely associated with which of the following learning methods?
A) incidental learning
B) Gestalt learning
C) cognitive learning
D) behavioral learning

Accepted Answer

The "black box" process is most closely associated with behavioral learning, which focuses on observable behavior and how it is influenced by environmental stimuli and consequences. In this scenario, Frank's desire to steal a bite of the cinnamon roll is an example of how his behavior (wanting to take a bite) is influenced by a particular stimulus (smelling the aroma of the roll). The "black box" refers to the idea that we often can't observe the mental processes that occur between receiving a stimulus and producing a behavior, but we can still study how environmental factors influence observable behavior.

Question 17

________ learning occurs when an individual watches the actions of others and notes the reinforcements they receive for their behaviors.
A) Observational
B) Reinforced
C) Halo effect
D) Masked

Accepted Answer

Observational learning, also known as social learning or modeling, is a type of learning that occurs when an individual learns by watching the behaviors of others and the consequences they experience. This can include both positive and negative reinforcements, such as rewards and punishments, and can lead to the individual imitating or avoiding certain behaviors based on the observed outcomes.

Question 18

A sales manager pays a bonus to new trainees when they develop a good sales prospectus. Later, after the trainees have completed two months of training, the manger pays a bonus only for an actual sale. The manager is applying what process of instrumental conditioning to help the trainees be productive in their sales careers?
A) shaping
B) modeling
C) negative reinforcement
D) variable-ratio reinforcement

Accepted Answer

The answer of A sales manager pays a bonus to...

Question 19

In a typical ________ test, subjects are shown ads one at a time and asked if they have seen them before.
A) recall
B) recognition
C) chunking
D) salience

Accepted Answer

This is a classic example of a recognition test, as the subjects are asked to identify whether or not they have seen the ads before, rather than being prompted to retrieve information about the ads from memory (as would be the case in a recall test). Choices C and D are not relevant to this type of task.

Question 20

Memories of products are often replaced (forgotten) as we learn additional information. This displacement of information is called ________.
A) the highlighting effect
B) interference
C) decay
D) generalization

Accepted Answer

Interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information. As a result, memories of products are often replaced or forgotten as we learn additional information. The other options, highlighting effect (A), decay (C), and generalization (D), do not specifically refer to the displacement of memories through the learning of new information.

Quiz 3: Learning and Memory

What type of learning theory emphasizes that people are problem solvers who actively use information from the world around them to master their environment?

People tend to give "yes" responses to questions, regardless of what they are asked. This is an example of ________.

________ involves a process of acquiring information and storing it over time so that it will be available when needed.

Almost any technique that increases the novelty of a stimulus also improves recall of the stimulus. This result is called the ________.

Which of the following has occurred when a stimulus is able to evoke a weakened response years after the stimulus was first perceived?

The popular marketing technique known as ________ marketing applies the principles of instrumental conditioning by reinforcing regular purchases; consumers are given rewards with values that increase along with the amount purchased.

According to the information processing-approach to studying the memory process, in the ________ stage, information enters in a way the system will recognize it.

Many marketers use "the good old days" as a common theme in promotional messages. This is a strategy of focusing on ________.

Claudia Norman was a marketing consultant. She recommended that brand equity for a new environmentally-friendly product could be established by giving her initial customers free memberships in the Green Peace organization. Claudia used which of the following in her recommendation?

________ memory permits temporary storage of information we receive from our senses.

Sam Bolton hums the Purina Cat Chow jingle as he drives down the expressway. A thought suddenly occurs to Sam: "Why am I humming this stupid jingle? I don't buy this stuff. In fact, I don't even have a cat." Sam knows this jingle through ________.

Within a knowledge structure, which of the following is the LEAST complex knowledge unit?

________ memories relate to events that are personally relevant; therefore, a person's motivation to retain these memories will likely be strong.

________ learning occurs when an individual watches the actions of others and notes the reinforcements they receive for their behaviors.

In a typical ________ test, subjects are shown ads one at a time and asked if they have seen them before.

Memories of products are often replaced (forgotten) as we learn additional information. This displacement of information is called ________.