Question 1

The inherited brain disorder Huntington's disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that usedifferent neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter is ________ and the other is ________.

Accepted Answer

Huntington's disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that use acetylcholine and GABA as neurotransmitters.

Question 2

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by all of the following except that it

Accepted Answer

While there is evidence to suggest that genetics may play a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease, there is not a clear-cut genetic basis for the disease. Instead, genetics are believed to be just one of many factors that can contribute to the development of the disease.

Question 3

The brain waves produced by normal adults while resting with their eyes closed are ________ waves.

Accepted Answer

Alpha waves are produced by the brain when it is in a relaxed state with eyes closed, but not yet in deep sleep. Beta waves are produced when the brain is actively engaged in mental activities such as problem-solving or decision-making. Theta waves are produced in states of drowsiness, meditation, or light sleep. Delta waves are produced in deep sleep or states of unconsciousness. Gamma waves are associated with higher levels of cognitive processing and consciousness. Therefore, alpha waves are the best choice to describe the brain waves produced by normal adults while resting with their eyes closed.

Question 4

Most long-term memories are stored in the

Accepted Answer

The cerebral cortex is responsible for processing and storing most long-term memories. The cerebellum is involved in motor coordination, the hypothalamus regulates basic bodily functions, the pons is involved in sleep and arousal, and the thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory information.

Question 5

A state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli is

Accepted Answer

Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which an individual cannot be aroused even by strong stimuli. Somnolence is a state of drowsiness or sleepiness, but the individual can be aroused with stimuli. Sleep is a natural state of rest for the body and mind, but individuals can be easily aroused from it. Stupor is a state of partial unconsciousness where the individual can be aroused, but only with intense or repeated stimuli. A chronic vegetative state is a state of wakefulness without awareness or consciousness.

Question 6

An age-related decline in mental function characterized by difficulties with spatial orientation, memory,language, and personality is called

Accepted Answer

Senile dementia is the term used to describe the decline in mental function that comes with age. It is characterized by difficulties with spatial orientation, memory, language, and personality. Delirium agitans and somnolence of the aged are not terms commonly used to describe age-related decline in mental function, while persistent vegetative state refers to a severe brain injury and progressive cerebral dysfunction does not specifically refer to age-related decline.

Question 7

What mental illness is often improved by drugs that block serotonin re-uptake?

Accepted Answer

Drugs that block serotonin re-uptake are typically used to treat depression. This is because serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood, and blocking its re-uptake allows it to remain in the synapse for longer periods of time, leading to increased activation of serotonin receptors and potential improvement in mood.

Question 8

The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is ________ and the other promoting deep sleep is ________.

Accepted Answer

The neurotransmitter that favors alertness is believed to be norepinephrine while the one responsible for deep sleep is believed to be serotonin. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

Question 9

Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation?

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is essential for memory consolidation, particularly for the formation of declarative memory (memory for facts and events). The other structures listed are not as directly involved in memory consolidation.

Question 10

Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called ________ memories.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Long-term memories that are with you for...

Question 11

Which of the following is an inherited disease characterized by destruction of ACh-secreting and GABA-secreting neurons in the basal nuclei causing difficulty controlling movements?

Accepted Answer

Huntington's disease is an inherited disease that causes destruction of ACh-secreting and GABA-secreting neurons in the basal nuclei, which leads to difficulty controlling movements. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects a person's ability to think, feel, and behave clearly. Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder that affects movement, and it is caused by the loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in the substantia nigra. Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to a gradual decline in cognitive function. Senile dementia is a term used to describe the cognitive decline that may occur in old age, but it is not a specific disease.

Question 12

Blocking ________ receptors in the ________ prevents long-term memory formation.

Accepted Answer

Blocking NMDA receptors in the hippocampus prevents long-term memory formation. NMDA receptors are critical for the induction of synaptic plasticity, which is necessary for the consolidation of long-term memories. The hippocampus is a key brain region for the formation of memories, particularly declarative memories.

Question 13

Mechanisms involved in memory formation and storage involve all of the following except

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia is a condition where an individual is unable to form new memories. It is not a mechanism involved in memory formation and storage. The other options are all involved in this process.

Question 14

Hallucinogenic drugs, such as LSD, function by

Accepted Answer

Hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD function by stimulating serotonin receptors. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, emotions, and perception. Activation of serotonin receptors by hallucinogenic drugs alters perception and causes hallucinations.

Question 15

Based on stimulation studies, the "headquarters" of the reticular activating system appears to be basedinthe

Accepted Answer

Stimulation studies have shown that the "headquarters" of the reticular activating system is located in the midbrain, specifically in the area known as the reticular formation.

Question 16

Changes in the central nervous system that accompany aging include all of the following except

Accepted Answer

Increased memory storage is not a typical change that occurs in the central nervous system as we age. The other answer choices including reduction in brain size and weight, decrease in the number of neurons, changes in synaptic organization, and decreased blood flow to the brain are all common changes that occur with aging.

Question 17

For minor surgical procedures, Valium is typically given to patients to cause anterograde amnesia. Thismeans the patient will temporarily

Accepted Answer

Valium is given to patients to cause anterograde amnesia, which means they will temporarily forget memories from during and immediately after surgery.

Question 18

During ________ sleep, dreaming occurs.

Accepted Answer

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep is the stage of sleep during which most dreaming occurs. It is characterized by quick and random eye movements, increased brain activity, and muscle paralysis.

Question 19

The conscious state is maintained by the

Accepted Answer

The reticular activating system is responsible for maintaining the conscious state by regulating the level of overall brain activity and arousal. It is located in the brainstem and receives input from various sensory and motor systems throughout the body.

Question 20

Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called

Accepted Answer

The process of converting short-term memories to long-term memories is called memory consolidation. This process involves the stabilization of a memory after it has been initially encoded, allowing it to be more permanently stored in the brain. Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to form new memories, while memory programming and memory engraving are not commonly used terms in memory research.

Quiz 16: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions

The inherited brain disorder Huntington's disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that usedifferent neurotransmitters. One neurotransmitter is and the other is .