Question 1

Which of the following is NOT one of the cognitive stages through which a child progresses,as theorized by Jean Piaget?

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget proposed four cognitive stages through which a child progresses: Sensorimotor (0-2 years), Preoperational (2-7 years), Concrete operations (7-12 years), and Formal operations (12 years and up). "Post-conceptual" is not a recognized stage in Piaget's theory.

Question 2

A structure of organized patterns of behavior that a person uses to think about and act in a situation is that person's

Accepted Answer

A scheme is a cognitive structure used for organizing information and behavior in a situation. It helps individuals interpret and make sense of the world around them, allowing them to act in predictable ways. Situations refer more to external factors or events, adaptation and assimilation are related to the process of learning and adapting to new information or experiences.

Question 3

Edwin is learning to ride his bike.Each time that he rides onto the gravel driveway,he loses control of the bike and falls.Eventually Edwin will no longer ride in the driveway.This example represents the learning process of

Accepted Answer

This example represents punishment, as Edwin's behavior (riding onto the gravel driveway) is followed by a negative consequence (falling off the bike). Over time, this punishment leads to a decrease in the behavior (riding in the driveway).

Question 4

__________ is the principle that an organism will repeat behaviors when these behaviors are reinforced.

Accepted Answer

The principle that an organism will repeat behaviors when these behaviors are reinforced is known as operant conditioning. Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences, where behaviors that are followed by desirable outcomes are more likely to be repeated in the future. This is in contrast to classical conditioning, where learning occurs through associations between stimuli. The pleasure principle and reality principle are concepts from Freudian psychoanalytic theory and are not related to this principle of learning.

Question 5

Stacy feels confident in knowing she has what it takes to succeed.Stacy has developed

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their own abilities to accomplish goals and successfully complete tasks. In this scenario, Stacy's feeling of confidence in her ability to succeed suggests that she has a high level of self-efficacy.

Question 6

In classical conditioning,an association is learned between

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning an association between an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and a conditioned stimulus (CS). The UCS is an event or object that naturally triggers a response, while the CS is a neutral stimulus that is repeatedly paired with the UCS until it also triggers the response on its own. For example, in Pavlov's famous experiments, the UCS was food (which naturally caused the dogs to salivate) and the CS was a bell (which was repeatedly rung before the food was presented until the dogs learned to salivate to the bell alone).

Question 7

____________develops as children gradually learn to master challenges and achieve goals.

Accepted Answer

The concept of self-efficacy, or belief in one's own ability to succeed, is central to the development of competence in children. As they master challenges and achieve goals, their sense of self-efficacy grows, which in turn leads them to take on more challenging tasks and continue to develop their skills. Social cognitive theory, applied behavioral analysis, and social learning theory are all related to the development of competence in children, but they do not specifically address the role of self-efficacy in this process.

Question 8

The two major points of Jean Piaget's cognitive perspective are that people are active in their environment and that behavior develops ______.

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory posits that cognitive development occurs in specific, universal stages that do not vary by culture, emphasizing that individuals actively construct their understanding of the world through stages that reflect different cognitive abilities.

Question 9

Ann's mother has stopped reinforcing Ann to make her bed.Ann's bed-making behavior is likely to be ___________.

Accepted Answer

Ann's bed-making behavior is likely to be decreased due to the lack of reinforcement from her mother. Without reinforcement, Ann may not see any benefit in continuing the behavior, therefore decreasing the likelihood of it occurring.

Question 10

Punishment __________ a behavior by bringing on a(n)__________event.

Accepted Answer

Punishment suppresses a behavior by bringing on an aversive or unpleasant event. It does not increase the behavior or bring on a positive or pleasant event.

Question 11

A child learns to whine to get items at the store because when she whines,her parents get frustrated and give her the desired items.She is basically being rewarded for her whining even though her parents do not seem to realize this and are frustrated because the whining is increasing.This is an example of ______ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The child is learning to use whining as a way to get what she wants through reinforcement (her parents giving her the desired items). This is an example of operant conditioning, where behaviors are reinforced or punished based on the consequences that follow them. The child is learning that whining leads to the desired outcome, which reinforces the behavior and increases the likelihood of it happening again in the future.

Question 12

The use of operant conditioning to modify or shape human behavior is called

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a type of learning that uses reinforcement or punishment to shape or modify behavior. The specific application of operant conditioning to modify or change human behavior is called behavior modification. Classical conditioning is a different type of learning that involves forming associations between stimuli, while reinforcement and punishment are specific tools used in operant conditioning.

Question 13

Any consequence of a behavior that INCREASES the likelihood of that behavior being repeated is called

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement is any consequence of a behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated. Punishment, on the other hand, refers to any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Aversive events are consequences that are unpleasant or undesirable, but they do not necessarily increase or decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response.

Question 14

__________ is the researcher best known for his theory of cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget is the researcher best known for his theory of cognitive development. Piaget's theory suggests that children's cognitive abilities develop through a series of stages, each building on the previous one. His research has had a significant impact on the field of developmental psychology.

Question 15

According to social learning theory,the most important element in how children learn a language,deal with aggression,develop a sense of morality,and learn gender-appropriate behavior is

Accepted Answer

According to social learning theory, observation and imitation are the most important elements in how children learn a language, deal with aggression, develop a sense of morality, and learn gender-appropriate behavior. This means that children learn behavior by observing and imitating others, especially their parents and other influential adults in their environment. Classical conditioning, punishment of inappropriate behavior, and shaping of appropriate behavior are also important factors in learning, but they are not as central to social learning theory as observation and imitation.

Question 16

The perspective on human behavior that is concerned with thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes is called the __________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive perspective focuses on the mental processes and how they influence behavior, including perception, thinking, memory, and problem-solving. This perspective emphasizes the importance of understanding how individuals interpret and make sense of their experiences, rather than simply focusing on observable behavior.

Question 17

Reinforcement is most effective when it is __________ after the behavior it is designed to reinforce.

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement is most effective when it is immediately given after the behavior it is designed to reinforce. This is because the closer the reinforcement is to the behavior, the stronger the connection between the two will be in the individual's mind. Delayed reinforcement may not be as effective as the individual may have trouble connecting the reinforcement to the behavior that led to it. Consistent reinforcement is important, but immediate reinforcement is essential for its effectiveness. Aversive reinforcement, which involves punishing behavior, is not considered effective in the long-term as it can lead to fear and anxiety in the individual.

Question 18

Piaget's use of questions and flexible exploration of a child's responses is known as the __________ method.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's method of using questions and flexible exploration of a child's responses is known as the clinical method. This approach allows for in-depth understanding of the child's thought processes.

Question 19

The process of modeling,or observing and imitating others,is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves observing and imitating others, also known as modeling. Classical conditioning is a type of learning where an involuntary response is associated with a stimulus, efficacious learning is not a commonly used term, and psychoanalytical learning refers to the study of unconscious mental processes.

Question 20

Behaviorists maintain that human behavior is determined by

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists believe that human behavior is determined by conditioning, which includes classical and operant conditioning. They argue that behavior is shaped by the environmental factors that influence an individual's responses to stimuli.

Quiz 2: Theory and Research

Which of the following is NOT one of the cognitive stages through which a child progresses,as theorized by Jean Piaget?

A structure of organized patterns of behavior that a person uses to think about and act in a situation is that person's

Edwin is learning to ride his bike.Each time that he rides onto the gravel driveway,he loses control of the bike and falls.Eventually Edwin will no longer ride in the driveway.This example represents the learning process of

__________ is the principle that an organism will repeat behaviors when these behaviors are reinforced.

Stacy feels confident in knowing she has what it takes to succeed.Stacy has developed

In classical conditioning,an association is learned between

____________develops as children gradually learn to master challenges and achieve goals.

The two major points of Jean Piaget's cognitive perspective are that people are active in their environment and that behavior develops ______.

Ann's mother has stopped reinforcing Ann to make her bed.Ann's bed-making behavior is likely to be ___________.

Punishment a behavior by bringing on a(n) event.

The use of operant conditioning to modify or shape human behavior is called

Any consequence of a behavior that INCREASES the likelihood of that behavior being repeated is called

__________ is the researcher best known for his theory of cognitive development.

According to social learning theory,the most important element in how children learn a language,deal with aggression,develop a sense of morality,and learn gender-appropriate behavior is

The perspective on human behavior that is concerned with thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes is called the __________ perspective.

Reinforcement is most effective when it is __________ after the behavior it is designed to reinforce.

Piaget's use of questions and flexible exploration of a child's responses is known as the __________ method.

The process of modeling,or observing and imitating others,is referred to as

Behaviorists maintain that human behavior is determined by

Quiz 2: Theory and Research

Which of the following is NOT one of the cognitive stages through which a child progresses,as theorized by Jean Piaget?

A structure of organized patterns of behavior that a person uses to think about and act in a situation is that person's

Edwin is learning to ride his bike.Each time that he rides onto the gravel driveway,he loses control of the bike and falls.Eventually Edwin will no longer ride in the driveway.This example represents the learning process of

__________ is the principle that an organism will repeat behaviors when these behaviors are reinforced.

Stacy feels confident in knowing she has what it takes to succeed.Stacy has developed

In classical conditioning,an association is learned between

____________develops as children gradually learn to master challenges and achieve goals.

The two major points of Jean Piaget's cognitive perspective are that people are active in their environment and that behavior develops ______.

Ann's mother has stopped reinforcing Ann to make her bed.Ann's bed-making behavior is likely to be ___________.

Punishment __________ a behavior by bringing on a(n) __________event.

The use of operant conditioning to modify or shape human behavior is called

Any consequence of a behavior that INCREASES the likelihood of that behavior being repeated is called

__________ is the researcher best known for his theory of cognitive development.

According to social learning theory,the most important element in how children learn a language,deal with aggression,develop a sense of morality,and learn gender-appropriate behavior is

The perspective on human behavior that is concerned with thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes is called the __________ perspective.

Reinforcement is most effective when it is __________ after the behavior it is designed to reinforce.

Piaget's use of questions and flexible exploration of a child's responses is known as the __________ method.

The process of modeling,or observing and imitating others,is referred to as

Behaviorists maintain that human behavior is determined by

Punishment a behavior by bringing on a(n) event.