Question 1

According to Michael Posner,__________ priming refers to priming in which we are primed by a meaningful context or meaningful information.
A)contextual
B)semantic
C)meaning-related
D)repetition

Accepted Answer

Michael Posner refers to semantic priming as the type of priming in which we are primed by meaningful information or context.

Question 2

According to Schank and Abelson (1977),a __________ is "a structure that describes appropriate sequences of events in a particular context [and] is made up of slots and requirements about what can fill the slots." It does not handle totally novel situations.
A)script
B)node
C)network
D)schema

Accepted Answer

The definition given by Schank and Abelson (1977) matches that of a script, which is a mental framework for organizing knowledge related to a particular event or situation. Scripts consist of slots or placeholders for expected elements, as well as requirements or expectations for what can fill these slots. However, scripts are not able to handle completely novel situations, as they rely on pre-existing knowledge and expectations.

Question 3

Timmy,a 4-year-old,has learned that to stay warm in the winter cold,one must wear lots of clothes.He learned this after several trials of going outside under clothed and coming into the house uncomfortably cold.This type of knowledge is referred to as __________ knowledge.
A)connectionist
B)simple non-associative
C)simple associative
D)priming

Accepted Answer

This type of knowledge is learned through a simple associative process where Timmy associates wearing lots of clothes with staying warm.

Question 4

__________ refers to the facilitation of information retrieval,as a result of prior stimulation or activation of related information (or even of the same information).
A)Production
B)Spreading activation
C)Priming
D)Conceptual dependency

Accepted Answer

Priming refers to the facilitation of information retrieval due to the prior stimulation or activation of related information. This process can be automatic and operate unconsciously, and it can enhance the speed and accuracy of cognitive processing.

Question 5

According to Michael Posner,__________ priming refers to priming in which a prior exposure to a word or other stimulus primes a subsequent retrieval of that information.
A)contextual
B)semantic
C)repetition
D)exposure

Accepted Answer

Repetition priming is a phenomenon where prior exposure to a word or stimulus facilitates subsequent retrieval of the same information, according to Michael Posner's research. This type of priming is based on the repetition of the stimulus itself, rather than its meaning or context.

Question 6

Which of the following is not a type of non-declarative knowledge in Larry Squire's theory?
A)episodic knowledge
B)procedural knowledge
C)classical and operant conditioning
D)priming

Accepted Answer

Episodic knowledge is actually a type of declarative knowledge, which involves remembering specific events and their contexts. The other options listed (procedural knowledge, classical and operant conditioning, and priming) are all types of non-declarative knowledge according to Squire's theory.

Question 7

Sarah has come to associate the smell of freshly baked apple pie with her grandmother,such that the mere smell of pie reminds her of her grandmother instantaneously.This type of knowledge is referred to as __________ knowledge.
A)declarative
B)simple associative
C)simple non-associative
D)priming

Accepted Answer

This is an example of simple associative knowledge, which involves forming associations between two stimuli or events. In this case, the smell of apple pie has become associated with memories of Sarah's grandmother. Declarative knowledge, on the other hand, refers to knowledge that can be consciously recalled and expressed in words, such as knowing the capital of France. Simple non-associative knowledge refers to learning that involves a single stimulus and does not involve forming associations, such as habituation to a repeated sound. Priming refers to the phenomenon where exposure to one stimulus affects the response to another stimulus, usually due to some kind of association or similarity between the two.

Question 8

__________ processing refers to the means by which only one elementary information process is executed at any one time,and multiple processes are handled sequentially.
A)Parallel
B)Serial
C)Distributed
D)Monotonic

Accepted Answer

Serial processing refers to the execution of one elementary information process at a time and dealing with multiple processes sequentially. Parallel processing, on the other hand, deals with multiple processes at the same time. Distributed processing refers to the use of multiple processors in a network to handle a large number of tasks. Monotonic processing is not a commonly used term in computing.

Question 9

Anderson's model of mental representation and information processing incorporates both declarative and procedural knowledge.Declarative is represented in a propositional network while procedural is represented in a production system.The name of this model is
A)parallel distributed processing (PDP).
B)hierarchical model.
C)dual-code theory.
D)ACT-R.

Accepted Answer

The model described in the question is Anderson's ACT-R (Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational) model, which incorporates both declarative and procedural knowledge represented in a propositional network and a production system, respectively. Therefore, the correct choice is D: ACT-R.

Question 10

When thinking about an issue,such that various associations seem to come to mind regarding that issue,we are experiencing __________ along the nodes that represent our knowledge of various aspects of the problem,and possibly,its solution.
A)conceptual dependency
B)spread of activation
C)a priming effect
D)serial processing

Accepted Answer

The description fits the spread of activation model of semantic memory, where the activation of one node leads to the activation of connected nodes, creating a network of knowledge representations. This is also known as an associative network.

Question 11

Right outside of Mr.Jones's second-grade classroom there is a construction crew.When the construction began,Mr.Jones found that the children were easily distracted by the noise.Now that the construction has been going on for months,the children pay no attention to the noises.This type of knowledge,associated with no longer paying attention to outside noises,is referred to as
A)declarative.
B)simple associative.
C)simple non-associative (i.e. ,habituation).
D)priming.

Accepted Answer

Simple non-associative learning refers to a change in behavior that results from exposure to a single stimulus repeatedly. In this case, the children have habituated to the construction noise, meaning they no longer respond to it because they have become accustomed to it. This type of learning is non-associative because it does not involve the formation of an association between two stimuli or between a stimulus and a response.

Question 12

A(n)__________ refers to a condition-action ("if-then")sequence,to generation output of a procedure.
A)inferential manifestation
B)spreading activation process
C)production
D)converging operation

Accepted Answer

The definition given in the question best fits the concept of a production rule, which is also known as a production system. It consists of a rule that describes a condition and an action to be taken, and it generates output based on a set of procedures. This output can be further used in decision-making or other processes. The other answer choices are unrelated to the given definition.

Question 13

If someone asks you to spell the word sight,you will probably spell it differently,depending on whether you have been talking about vision ("s-i-g-h-t")or about locations for an archaeological dig ("s-i-t-e").This bias reflects the __________ effect.
A)production
B)spreading activation
C)priming
D)conceptual dependency

Accepted Answer

The bias in spelling depending on context reflects the priming effect, which is the phenomenon where exposure to one stimulus influences the response to a subsequent stimulus. In this case, the context of the conversation primes the specific spelling of the word.

Question 14

__________ refers to a model of information processing that integrates a network representation for declarative knowledge and a production-system representation for procedural knowledge.
A)The declarative-procedural frame approach
B)ACT (Adaptive control of thought)
C)Conceptual dependency
D)Artificial intelligence

Accepted Answer

ACT (Adaptive Control of Thought) is a theory that integrates a network representation for declarative knowledge (facts and information) and a production-system representation for procedural knowledge (how to do things), thus fitting the description provided.

Question 15

If your car is veering toward the left side of the road,then you should steer toward the right side of the road.The "if" clause includes a set of conditions that must be met in order to implement the then clause.This is an example of __________,which are used in some computer simulations.
A)semantic simulations
B)action rules
C)declarative procedures
D)production rules

Accepted Answer

This is an example of production rules, which are used in some computer simulations to specify a set of conditions (if clause) that must be met before executing an action (then clause) or a series of actions. Production rules are widely used in artificial intelligence and expert systems to automate decision-making processes.

Question 16

According to Anderson,temporal strings contain information about __________ information.
A)spatial
B)absolute
C)relative time
D)olfactory

Accepted Answer

According to Anderson, temporal strings contain information about relative time, or the order and duration of events. Spatial information pertains to location, absolute time refers to specific points in time, and olfactory information relates to smell.

Question 17

An example of a simple __________ for a pedestrian to cross the street at an intersection with a traffic light includes the person first having to test whether the light is red or green.If it is red,the person stops and again tests whether the light is still red.If it is green,the person starts moving.
A)production system
B)procedural loop
C)semantic cycle
D)action-execution system

Accepted Answer

A production system consists of a set of rules for processing information, which fits the description of the pedestrian's decision-making process at a traffic light. This process involves testing conditions (if the light is red or green) and executing actions based on those conditions (stopping or moving), which aligns with how production systems operate.

Question 18

_____ refers to a specialized vocabulary that a particular group uses (e.g. ,physicians).Individuals not part of the group may find it difficult to understand the information.
A)Jargon
B)Word-superiority effect
C)Synthesis
D)Representational thought

Accepted Answer

Jargon is a specialized vocabulary used by a particular group, which can make it difficult for outsiders to understand the information being communicated. This is a common occurrence in fields such as medicine or law, where professionals use technical terms and acronyms that may not be familiar to the general public.

Question 19

A(n)__________ refers to an ordered set of productions in which execution starts at the top of a list of productions,continues until a condition is satisfied,and then returns to the top of the list to start anew.
A)production system
B)procedural loop
C)semantic cycle
D)action-execution system

Accepted Answer

A production system is a type of computer program that utilizes a set of rules called productions to guide the execution of tasks. In a production system, the sequence of execution follows an ordered list of productions, which are executed from the top down until a condition is met, after which the system returns to the top of the list to start again. This cyclical execution process is a core characteristic of production systems, and is used in a variety of applications, including expert systems, artificial intelligence, and problem-solving algorithms. The other answer choices - procedural loop, semantic cycle, and action-execution system - are not commonly used terms associated with production systems.

Question 20

Most non-declarative knowledge can be retrieved for use __________ declarative knowledge can be retrieved.
A)less quickly than
B)more quickly than
C)just as quickly as
D)Not clear based on current research.

Accepted Answer

Non-declarative knowledge, such as skills and habits, is often retrieved more quickly because it is automatic and does not require conscious thought, unlike declarative knowledge which involves conscious recall.

Quiz 8: The Organization of Knowledge in the Mind

According to Michael Posner,__________ priming refers to priming in which we are primed by a meaningful context or meaningful information.

According to Schank and Abelson (1977) ,a __________ is "a structure that describes appropriate sequences of events in a particular context [and] is made up of slots and requirements about what can fill the slots." It does not handle totally novel situations.

Timmy,a 4-year-old,has learned that to stay warm in the winter cold,one must wear lots of clothes.He learned this after several trials of going outside under clothed and coming into the house uncomfortably cold.This type of knowledge is referred to as __________ knowledge.

__________ refers to the facilitation of information retrieval,as a result of prior stimulation or activation of related information (or even of the same information) .

According to Michael Posner,__________ priming refers to priming in which a prior exposure to a word or other stimulus primes a subsequent retrieval of that information.

Which of the following is not a type of non-declarative knowledge in Larry Squire's theory?

Sarah has come to associate the smell of freshly baked apple pie with her grandmother,such that the mere smell of pie reminds her of her grandmother instantaneously.This type of knowledge is referred to as __________ knowledge.

__________ processing refers to the means by which only one elementary information process is executed at any one time,and multiple processes are handled sequentially.

Anderson's model of mental representation and information processing incorporates both declarative and procedural knowledge.Declarative is represented in a propositional network while procedural is represented in a production system.The name of this model is

When thinking about an issue,such that various associations seem to come to mind regarding that issue,we are experiencing __________ along the nodes that represent our knowledge of various aspects of the problem,and possibly,its solution.

A(n) __________ refers to a condition-action ("if-then") sequence,to generation output of a procedure.

If someone asks you to spell the word sight,you will probably spell it differently,depending on whether you have been talking about vision ("s-i-g-h-t") or about locations for an archaeological dig ("s-i-t-e") .This bias reflects the __________ effect.

__________ refers to a model of information processing that integrates a network representation for declarative knowledge and a production-system representation for procedural knowledge.

If your car is veering toward the left side of the road,then you should steer toward the right side of the road.The "if" clause includes a set of conditions that must be met in order to implement the then clause.This is an example of __________,which are used in some computer simulations.

According to Anderson,temporal strings contain information about __________ information.

_____ refers to a specialized vocabulary that a particular group uses (e.g. ,physicians) .Individuals not part of the group may find it difficult to understand the information.

A(n) __________ refers to an ordered set of productions in which execution starts at the top of a list of productions,continues until a condition is satisfied,and then returns to the top of the list to start anew.

Most non-declarative knowledge can be retrieved for use __________ declarative knowledge can be retrieved.