Question 1

__________ assimilation occurs when members of subordinate racial or ethnic groups gain acceptance in everyday social interaction with members of the dominant group, but do not necessarily make close friends or intermarry.

Accepted Answer

Structural assimilation refers to the integration of minority groups into the social structures of the dominant group, allowing for acceptance in everyday interactions without necessarily leading to close personal relationships or intermarriage.

Question 2

__________ is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.

Accepted Answer

Assimilation is the process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture. This often involves adopting the language, values, customs, and norms of the dominant group. It is a one-sided process that places the burden of adjustment on the subordinate group rather than the dominant group.

Question 3

In San Jose, California, managers of Denny's restaurants were instructed to implement policies designed to limit or discourage African American patronage. Applying the typology of Joe Feagin, these policies are an example of __________ discrimination​

Accepted Answer

The given scenario suggests that Denny's managers instructed policies that are meant to limit/disadvantage African American patronage. These policies were implemented at an institutional level, indicating the existence of systemic and pervasive racial discrimination. Therefore, the discrimination at Denny's can be categorized as direct institutionalized discrimination.

Question 4

Indirect institutionalized discrimination occurs when__________________________.

Accepted Answer

Indirect institutionalized discrimination occurs when policies or programs appear to be neutral but disproportionately affect certain groups. In this case, the program for gifted and talented students may exclude those from low-income families, who are more likely to belong to certain racial or ethnic groups. This creates an uneven playing field and perpetuates systemic inequality. The other choices are examples of direct discrimination or hate crimes.

Question 5

A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants, even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, this illustrates __________discrimination.

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates "isolate discrimination," where discriminatory actions are carried out by an individual without support from a larger group or institution.

Question 6

According to the contact hypothesis, contact between members of divergent or opposing groups will lead to more favorable attitudes under certain conditions. Which of these is not one of the necessary conditions?​

Accepted Answer

While members may need to be held accountable for negative behavior and comments, severe reprimands are not necessary for the contact hypothesis to work. In fact, excessive punishment may actually hinder the development of positive attitudes between groups. Therefore, option B is not one of the necessary conditions for the contact hypothesis.

Question 7

The systematic killing of thousands of Native Americans by the U.S. government and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II are examples of __________.

Accepted Answer

The systematic killing of thousands of Native Americans by the U.S. government and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II are examples of genocide, which refers to the intentional and systematic destruction of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. Discrimination, prejudice, and racism may be underlying factors that contribute to genocide, but they do not capture the full scope and severity of the act itself.

Question 8

Sociologist Joe Feagin distinguishes four different categories of discrimination. He uses the term __________ for harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant-group memberagainst a member of a subordinate group, with or without the support of other members of the dominant group in the same social context.

Accepted Answer

Isolate discrimination refers to harmful actions taken by an individual member of a dominant group against a member of a subordinate group without the support of other dominant group members.

Question 9

A bank consistently denies loans to people of color. This is an example of __________ discrimination.

Accepted Answer

Institutional discrimination refers to patterns of discrimination that are built into the policies and practices of organizations or institutions, such as banks, that have a broad impact on individuals in marginalized groups. In this case, the bank's consistent denial of loans to people of color is an example of institutional discrimination.

Question 10

A small group of white students, without the support of other students or faculty members, defaces a professor's office with racial epithets. Joe Feagin would label the behavior of these students __________ discrimination.

Accepted Answer

Small-group discrimination refers to discriminatory behavior exhibited by a small group of people. In this scenario, a small group of white students engaged in discriminatory behavior by defacing a professor's office with racial epithets, without the support of other students or faculty members. This behavior is not institutionalized discrimination, as it does not involve the policies or practices of an institution. It is also not isolate discrimination, as it involves more than one individual.

Question 11

When discriminatory behavior is routinely carried out by a number of dominant-group members and is supported by the norms of the immediate organization or community, these actions are termed __________.

Accepted Answer

Direct institutionalized discrimination refers to discriminatory behavior that is carried out routinely by dominant-group members and is supported by the norms of the organization or community. This type of discrimination is often sanctioned by laws or policies and is deeply ingrained in the societal institutions. Indirect institutionalized discrimination involves the unintentional consequences of institutional practices that disadvantage certain groups. Isolate discrimination refers to overt discrimination by individuals or small groups.

Question 12

What happens when individuals meet someone who does not conform to their preexisting stereotypes?​

Accepted Answer

People often ignore or rationalize behavior that contradicts their stereotypes to maintain their existing beliefs.

Question 13

Special education classes were originally intended to provide extra educational opportunities for children with various types of disabilities. However, critics claim that these programs have amounted to racial segregation in many school districts. Using the categories created by Feagin, these policies illustrate __________ discrimination.

Accepted Answer

The policy of placing children with disabilities into separate special education classes is an example of indirect institutionalized discrimination, as it is a systemic policy that has the effect of segregating students based on race or disability status. This type of discrimination is not necessarily intentional but is still harmful and reinforces social inequality.

Question 14

A landlord refuses to rent to someone of a different race. This is an example of __________ discrimination.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of individual discrimination, where a person's actions are based on prejudices against a specific race.

Question 15

__________ assimilation occurs when members of an ethnic group adopt dominantgroup traits, such as language, dress, values, religion, and food preferences.

Accepted Answer

Cultural assimilation, also known as acculturation, is the process where members of a minority ethnic group adopt dominant group customs and ways of life, including language, dress, values, religion, and food preferences.

Question 16

__________ discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.

Accepted Answer

Individual discrimination refers to discrimination that occurs on a one-on-one basis, where a member of a dominant group intentionally harms a member of a subordinate group or their property because of their group membership. It can manifest in different forms, such as verbal insults, physical assault, or exclusion from opportunities. It is different from institutional discrimination, which involves the policies, practices, and norms of societal institutions that systematically disadvantage members of a subordinate group.

Question 17

The __________ states that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present.

Accepted Answer

The contact hypothesis states that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present. These factors include equal status contact, cooperation, and common goals.

Question 18

Which theoretical perspective is associated with the contact hypothesis?​

Accepted Answer

The contact hypothesis is a theoretical perspective associated with symbolic interactionism, which emphasizes the importance of face-to-face interactions and communication in shaping human behavior and social outcomes. The contact hypothesis suggests that negative attitudes and prejudices between different groups can be reduced through direct contact and interaction, which allows individuals to learn more about each other and break down stereotypes.

Question 19

__________ examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interactionists examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility by analyzing how people interpret and respond to one another's symbols and gestures related to race.

Question 20

__________ discrimination consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups​

Accepted Answer

Institutional discrimination refers to the practices of organizations and institutions that have a negative impact on individuals or groups belonging to subordinate categories. It is a form of discrimination that happens without anyone intending it, as it is built into the structures and processes of society. Examples of institutional discrimination include practices that disadvantage certain groups, such as biased hiring processes, unequal policies, and inadequate access to services. Uniform discrimination, on the other hand, refers to discrimination that is authorized or mandated by law or policy. Individual discrimination refers to actions taken by individuals who discriminate against others based on their race, ethnicity, gender, or other characteristics. Marginal discrimination refers to the exclusion or marginalization of groups based on their social status or economic class.

Quiz 9: Race and Ethnicity