Question 1

Which parenting style is most likely to have strict guidelines about what is right and wrong and to expect the child to adhere to those guidelines?

Accepted Answer

Authoritarian parents are known for having strict guidelines about what is right and wrong and holding their children to those standards. They typically have high expectations for obedience and discipline, and may use punishment as a primary means of behavior management.

Question 2

Competent children tend to have

Accepted Answer

Children who have authoritative parents tend to be competent. Authoritative parents are firm but also provide warmth, love, and support. They set clear boundaries and expectations, and they are responsive to their child's needs. This fosters independence and self-confidence in their children. Children of permissive parents tend to struggle with impulse control and have difficulty following rules. Children of authoritarian parents tend to be obedient but may lack initiative and creativity. Uninvolved parents tend to neglect their children's needs and may be emotionally detached.

Question 3

You leave your six-month-old infant with a familiar babysitter. The babysitter calls you to say that the baby is crying and will not stop. Your infant's behavior is characteristic of the __________ phase of attachment.

Accepted Answer

The clear-cut attachment phase typically occurs between 6 months and 1 year of age, during which the infant exhibits separation anxiety and distress when separated from the primary caregiver or attachment figure. Therefore, the behavior of the crying 6-month-old infant left with a babysitter would be characteristic of the clear-cut attachment phase.

Question 4

The __________ view proposes that attachment occurs only at certain times and in the presence of a species-specific stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The critical period view proposes that attachment occurs only at certain times, typically early in life, and in the presence of a species-specific stimulus or social environment. This view is often associated with ethological theories of attachment, which emphasize the role of evolutionary factors and innate behavioral tendencies in forming attachments.

Question 5

Harry Harlow (1959) demonstrated that attachment in rhesus monkeys was related to

Accepted Answer

Harry Harlow's experiments showed that attachment in rhesus monkeys was primarily related to contact comfort rather than just feeding. The monkeys preferred soft, cloth "mothers" even when they did not provide milk, suggesting that attachment was more than just a drive for sustenance.

Question 6

What do permissive and authoritarian parents have in common?

Accepted Answer

Permissive and authoritarian parents both tend to have poor communication with their children, but for different reasons. Authoritarian parents may not communicate effectively because they focus on obedience and authority without much open dialogue. Permissive parents might fail to communicate effectively because they don't set clear boundaries or expectations, leading to a lack of structured guidance.

Question 7

What do authoritative and authoritarian parents have in common?

Accepted Answer

Authoritative and authoritarian parents are both strict in their parenting styles.

Answer: D 
 Both authoritative and authoritarian parents can be cold and rejecting towards their children, although this is more common in authoritarian parenting.

Question 8

According to Diane Baumrind, children who can manipulate their environment to achieve their goals have developed

Accepted Answer

According to Diane Baumrind, children who are able to manipulate their environment to achieve their goals have developed instrumental competence, which refers to their ability to use their skills and resources to achieve their objectives effectively. Autonomy refers to the degree of independence and self-direction that children exhibit, while instrumental security and instrumental preferences are not concepts emphasized by Baumrind in her research on child development.

Question 9

In the Strange Situation method, a child who keeps playing with building blocks and doesn't make eye contact with his mother when she returns, is demonstrating a(n)

Accepted Answer

This behavior indicates that the child is ignoring or avoiding their caregiver, which is a characteristic of avoidant attachment.

Question 10

Using Ainsworth's procedure, you observe an infant mildly protesting his mother's departure, seeking reunion with her, and being readily comforted upon her return. You conclude that the infant is

Accepted Answer

Ainsworth's procedure is commonly known as the Strange Situation, which assesses the attachment relationship between a child and their caregiver. The infant described in the scenario is exhibiting behaviors consistent with secure attachment, which is characterized by the child using their caregiver as a secure base from which to explore their environment, being upset when the caregiver leaves, seeking comfort upon their return, and being easily comforted by them. The other attachment styles (avoidant, resistant/ambivalent, disorganized) would exhibit different patterns of behavior in the Strange Situation.

Question 11

A positive effect of daycare is

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that children who attend daycare tend to be more outgoing, independent, and self-reliant due to their increased social interactions and exposure to different experiences and learning opportunities.

Question 12

Diana Baumrind studied the connection between parental behavior and the development of instrumental competence, which refers to the ability to

Accepted Answer

Instrumental competence refers to the ability to effectively manipulate the environment to achieve one's goals, which is consistent with choice D. Baumrind's study specifically focused on how parental behavior influences the development of this type of competence in children.

Question 13

Ainsworth innovated the __________ method to study attachment.

Accepted Answer

Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation method, where a child is placed in a new environment with a stranger, their caregiver, or alone to observe their reaction and behavior. This method is used to study attachment theory.

Question 14

One explanation for the observation that abuse tends to run in families is

Accepted Answer

The answer of One explanation for the observation that abuse...

Question 15

Behaviorist theories argue

Accepted Answer

Behaviorist theories propose that attachment is a result of learning and association. According to this view, infants develop attachment by associating their primary caregiver with the gratification of their basic needs (such as hunger, thirst, and comfort). Through this association, the caregiver becomes a source of reward and security, and the infant learns to seek their presence in times of distress. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer. The other choices are not accurate representations of behaviorist theories of attachment.

Question 16

Some animals become attached to the first moving object they encounter. Lorenz called this phenomenon

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the question is known as imprinting. Lorenz, a famous ethologist, conducted experiments with goslings and observed that they become attached and follow the first moving object they encounter, which is usually their mother. This phenomenon is called imprinting, and it is a form of learning that occurs during a critical period of development. Option A and B are incorrect as there is no term called critical attachment or instinctual attachment. Option D is incorrect as imitation refers to the copying of behaviors of others that are not necessarily the first moving object encountered.

Question 17

Authoritative parents are both strict and

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parents are strict, but they also show high levels of respect for their children. They encourage open communication and make an effort to understand their children's perspective, while also setting clear boundaries and expectations.

Question 18

Before infants demonstrate a specific attachment, they exhibit

Accepted Answer

Infants first exhibit indiscriminate attachment, which means they do not have a specific attachment to any particular caregiver and are open to forming bonds with multiple people. Undifferentiated attachment refers to the stage where infants do not show a preference for any caregiver but are beginning to recognize some people as familiar. Undefined attachment and indifferent attachment are not recognized terms in attachment theory.

Question 19

A preference for familiar figures occurs during the __________ stage of attachment.

Accepted Answer

During the attachment-in-the-making phase, infants begin to develop a preference for familiar figures, typically showing a stronger response or preference for their primary caregivers over strangers. This stage usually occurs between 2 to 7 months of age.

Question 20

Werner and Nancy are generally easygoing with their daughter, Krista. As a result, she does whatever she wants. According to Diana Baumrind, what type of parents are Werner and Nancy?

Accepted Answer

Werner and Nancy are permissive parents, who have few demands, give in to all of their child's wants, and usually provide little structure or guidance.

Quiz 9: The Voyage Through the Life Span