Question 1

What is a common clinical indication for a pediatric VCUG?

Accepted Answer

A pediatric VCUG (voiding cystourethrogram) is commonly indicated in cases of suspected vesicoureteral reflux, which is a condition where urine flows back from the bladder into the kidneys, potentially leading to renal problems. VCUG is used to diagnose and grade the severity of the condition.

Question 2

Which positioning line is perpendicular to the image receptor (IR) for an AP projection of the pediatric skull?

Accepted Answer

The orbitomeatal line (OML) is typically positioned perpendicular to the image receptor for an AP projection of the skull to ensure proper alignment and accurate imaging.

Question 3

What type of contrast media is most effective in reducing an intussusception?

Accepted Answer

Air is most effective in reducing an intussusception because it provides a clear contrast for imaging and allows for a less invasive reduction technique compared to other contrast media.

Question 4

Where is the CR centered for a kidneys, ureter, and bladder (KUB) projection performed on an infant?

Accepted Answer

The CR is centered 1 inch (2.5 cm) above the infant's umbilicus for a KUB projection.

Question 5

A 2-year-old child comes to radiology for a cervical spine series.The child is unable to hold still for the projections even with immobilization.Which of the following individuals should be asked to hold the child if present?

Accepted Answer

The father is the best choice as they are typically the most familiar and comforting presence for the child. It is important that the person holding the child wears a protective apron to minimize radiation exposure. The other options (A, B, and D) may not have the necessary experience or relationship with the child to effectively calm and hold them during the procedure.

Question 6

Which of the following digital kV ranges is recommended for a pediatric voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) for neonates through age 18 years?

Accepted Answer

The recommended digital kV range for a pediatric voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) for neonates through age 18 years is 70 to 80 kV.

Question 7

What size and type of catheter is recommended for a VCUG on a young pediatric patient?

Accepted Answer

For a VCUG (Voiding Cystourethrogram) on a young pediatric patient, an 8 Fr feeding tube is recommended because it is small enough to fit comfortably and is designed for single use, minimizing the risk of infection and discomfort.

Question 8

What is the recommended nothing by mouth (NPO) fasting period for a 1-month-old infant before an upper gastrointestinal series?

Accepted Answer

For a 1-month-old infant, the recommended NPO (nothing by mouth) fasting period before an upper gastrointestinal series is 3 hours. This guideline helps minimize the risk of aspiration and ensures the stomach is empty for the procedure.

Question 9

What is the average transit time for the barium to reach the ileocecal valve during a pediatric small bowel study?

Accepted Answer

The average transit time for barium to reach the ileocecal valve during a pediatric small bowel study is approximately 1 hour. Therefore, choice B is the best answer. Choices A, C, and D are too short or too long compared to the average transit time.

Question 10

Match the correct pathologic indication of the pediatric chest to the following definitions. (Use each choice only once.)
-An emergency type of condition in newborns in which the alveoli and capillaries of the lungs are injured or infected, creating leakage of fluid into the alveoli; demonstrated radiographically by granular pattern of increased densities

Accepted Answer

Hyaline membrane disease is the emergency condition in newborns caused by lung injury or infection resulting in fluid leakage in the alveoli, which appears radiographically as granular densities.

Answer: F
 Bronchiectasis refers to the pathology of dilated and thickened bronchi in the lungs, commonly seen in children with cystic fibrosis. However, it does not fit the given definition.

The remaining options, A, B, C, and E, do not match the given definition.

Question 11

Images are taken at ____ intervals for a small bowel series on a pediatric patient.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Images are taken at ____ intervals for...

Question 12

Which projection and/or position of the abdomen is recommended for demonstrating the prevertebral region of the abdomen?

Accepted Answer

The dorsal decubitus position is recommended for demonstrating the prevertebral region of the abdomen because the gas and fecal material are located posteriorly in the abdomen, allowing for better visualization of the prevertebral region with less superimposition. The AP supine and AP erect projections would not visualize this region as well due to increased superimposition of the gas and fecal material. The left lateral decubitus position would not be effective for demonstrating the prevertebral region as this region is located anteriorly in the abdomen.

Question 13

How much barium is given to an infant (<1 year) during an upper gastrointestinal series?

Accepted Answer

Infants typically receive 30 to 75 ml of barium during an upper gastrointestinal series, which is a lower dose compared to older children and adults. The exact amount may vary depending on the infant's weight and size. It is important to use the lowest effective dose to minimize potential risks of barium exposure.

Question 14

What is the maximum height the enema bag should be above the tabletop at the beginning of a barium enema procedure?

Accepted Answer

The maximum height the enema bag should be above the tabletop at the beginning of a barium enema procedure is 2 feet (61 cm). This height allows for sufficient gravitational force to facilitate the flow of barium into the colon without causing discomfort or injury to the patient.

Question 15

Match the correct pathologic indication of the pediatric chest to the following definitions. (Use each choice only once.)
-Neonate hypothyroidism with slowed bone growth or possible dwarfism

Accepted Answer

Cretinism is a thyroid gland disorder that impairs physical and mental development, including slowed bone growth or possible dwarfism.

Answer: D
 Hyaline membrane disease is a common lung disease in premature babies that results in difficulty breathing due to a lack of a substance called surfactant.

Note: The other choices are not associated with neonate hypothyroidism with slowed bone growth or possible dwarfism.

Question 16

A 1-year-old child comes to radiology for an erect abdomen.Which one of the following immobilization devices or techniques should be used during the exposure?

Accepted Answer

The Pigg-O-Stat is a specialized pediatric immobilization device that securely holds infants in place during radiographic procedures. It is specially designed to support the child's head, arms, and legs while keeping the body straight and still. This device is specifically designed for use with young children and can be safely used for erect abdomen radiographs. The other options listed are not typically used for pediatric patients or may not provide sufficient immobilization for this type of radiograph.

Question 17

A bowel obstruction caused by an accumulation of fluid in the bowel of a full-term fetus is termed:

Accepted Answer

Meconium ileus is a condition where there is an accumulation of meconium (first stool) in the bowel of a full-term fetus, which can lead to a bowel obstruction. Necrotizing enterocolitis, intussusception, and appendicitis are not related to a fetal bowel obstruction caused by meconium accumulation.

Question 18

Which of the following radiographic structures are evaluated to best determine tilt on a lateral pediatric skull projection?

Accepted Answer

The orbital plates or roofs are evaluated to determine tilt on a lateral pediatric skull projection because they should be superimposed if the skull is not tilted.

Question 19

Double-contrast barium enemas are most commonly performed on young pediatric patients when _____ suspected.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Double-contrast barium enemas are most commonly performed...

Question 20

Which of the following terms describes a condition in which the urethra opens up on the underside of the penis?

Accepted Answer

Hypospadias is a birth defect in which the urethra opening is located on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip.

Quiz 16: Pediatric Radiography