Question 1

Jaynie is cheerful and upbeat.Alayna is prone to angry outbursts.These descriptions refer to __________.

Accepted Answer

The descriptions given of Jaynie and Alayna are related to their temperament, which is their natural inclination towards certain emotional and behavioral tendencies.

Question 2

Emotional self-regulation __________.

Accepted Answer

Emotional self-regulation refers to the ability to manage or regulate one's emotions, and it often requires voluntary, effortful control of emotions. Choice B refers to the emotional intensity, rather than the ability to regulate emotions. Choice C is incorrect, as emotional self-regulation tends to develop and improve over time. Choice D is also incorrect, as emotional self-regulation is not evident in infants but rather develops gradually during early childhood.

Question 3

In Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study,35 percent of the children __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal...

Question 4

Joh is inactive and negative in mood.He shows mild,low-key reactions to environmental stimuli.In Thomas and Chess's research,Joh would be classified as a(n)__________ child.

Accepted Answer

Joh's characteristics of being inactive, negative in mood, and showing mild reactions to environmental stimuli align with the "slow-to-warm-up" category in Thomas and Chess's research on temperament. This category describes children who are typically cautious in new situations and take longer to adjust but eventually do without much difficulty.

Question 5

Liam can focus and shift attention,inhibit impulses,and manage negative emotion.Liam is high in __________.

Accepted Answer

Liam's ability to focus and shift attention, inhibit impulses, and manage negative emotions indicate a high level of effortful control.

Question 6

Patient,sensitive parents __________.

Accepted Answer

Patient, sensitive parents encourage toddlers to describe their internal states. This helps children develop emotional intelligence and learn to communicate their needs and feelings effectively. Giving in to temper tantrums (A) is not recommended as it reinforces negative behavior. Discouraging expression of feelings (B) can hinder a child's emotional development. Being quick to anticipate and quiet distress (D) is important, but it is not the sole characteristic of a patient, sensitive parent.

Question 7

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess studied __________.

Accepted Answer

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess conducted research on temperament, which refers to a person's relatively consistent emotional and behavioral style. They identified nine dimensions of temperament, which include activity level, rhythmicity, approach/withdrawal, adaptability, intensity of reaction, quality of mood, distractibility, attention span/persistence, and sensory threshold.

Question 8

__________ have a harder time regulating __________ emotion.

Accepted Answer

Boys generally have a harder time regulating negative emotions compared to girls. This is supported by research in developmental psychology and neuroscience, which suggests that boys may be more prone to expressing negative emotions such as anger and frustration in externalizing ways.

Question 9

Compared with __________ children,__________ children present fewer problems in the early years.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compared with __________ children,__________ children present fewer...

Question 10

A unique feature of Mary Rothbart's model of temperament is inclusion of both __________ and __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A unique feature of Mary Rothbart's model...

Question 11

Babies who __________ are less prone to distress.

Accepted Answer

Babies who engage in self-soothing behaviors, such as sucking their thumb or stroking their blanket, are less prone to distress. This means they are able to regulate their own emotions and do not rely solely on their caregiver for soothing.

Question 12

__________ refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal,attention,and motor activity.

Accepted Answer

Reactivity refers to the quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity. Temperament refers to a person's innate personality traits, while effortful control and self-regulation are related to a person's ability to control their own behavior or emotions.

Question 13

Individual differences in control of emotion are __________.

Accepted Answer

Individual differences in control of emotion are evident in infancy, as some babies are more easily soothed and regulated than others.

Question 14

Joan,who does not like being scared,decides not to see a horror film with her friends.Joan is using __________.

Accepted Answer

Joan is using emotional self-regulation by choosing not to watch a horror film in order to avoid feeling scared or uncomfortable.

Question 15

Which mother would be most likely to discourage the expression of strong emotion in her baby?

Accepted Answer

Cultural norms and parenting practices vary significantly around the world. In many Western cultures, such as those in the UK, Germany, and Canada, there is a greater acceptance of expressing emotions. However, in some rural and traditional societies, such as rural Cameroon, there is often a stronger emphasis on emotional restraint and discouraging the expression of strong emotions, especially in public or from a very young age. This is part of socializing children to conform to the community's behavioral norms.

Question 16

Effortful control is __________.

Accepted Answer

Effortful control is considered a major dimension of temperament, involving the capacity to voluntarily regulate attention and behavior, inhibit impulses, and manage negative emotions. It develops gradually throughout childhood and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. It is not present at birth and is related to self-regulation. It is not an involuntary emotional reaction.

Question 17

Biyu,who lives in a collectivist culture,wins a game.Her parents will probably encourage Biyu to feel __________.

Accepted Answer

In collectivist cultures, the focus is on achieving success for the group rather than for oneself. Therefore, Biyu's parents may discourage her from feeling pride in her personal achievement and instead encourage her to feel modest and avoid drawing attention to herself. They may also emphasize the importance of teamwork and downplay the significance of individual achievement. Biyu may feel embarrassed by the individual attention and focus on the group's success rather than her own individual achievement.

Question 18

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines,is generally cheerful,and adapts easily to new experiences.In Thomas and Chess's research,Bindi would be classified as a(n)__________ child.

Accepted Answer

Bindi's characteristics of quickly establishing regular routines, being generally cheerful, and adapting easily to new experiences all match the description of an "easy" child according to Thomas and Chess's research.

Question 19

Temperament is often assessed through __________.

Accepted Answer

Temperament is often assessed through parental reports and interviews as parents are likely to have observed their child's behavior in various situations and can provide valuable insight into their child's temperament. Self-reports and the clinical method are not suitable for infants and young children, delay-of-gratification tasks are more related to self-regulation than temperament, and Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation is a method to assess attachment, not temperament.

Question 20

According to Thomas and Chess's research,__________ children are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood.

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess's research identified "difficult" children as those who are at higher risk for developing anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood due to their irregular routines, negative responses to new situations, and slow adaptability.

Quiz 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood