Question 1

The main theories of motivation fall into one of two categories: needs theories and justice theories.

Accepted Answer

The main theories of motivation are generally categorized into three groups: needs theories, cognitive theories, and reinforcement theories. Justice theories are considered a part of the broader category of cognitive theories, focusing on perceptions of fairness.

Question 2

In MBO, goals should be tangible and measurable.

Accepted Answer

In MBO, goals should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). Therefore, they should be tangible and measurable.

Question 3

Factors that motivate depend on the individual and the situation the individual is in.

Accepted Answer

Motivation is a complex and subjective phenomenon that can vary depending on the individual and the specific situation they are in. What motivates one person may not motivate another, and even the same person may be motivated by different things in different circumstances. Therefore, it is true that factors that motivate depend on the individual and the situation.

Question 4

The four ingredients common to MBO programs are goal specificity, participative decision making, an implicit time period, and performance feedback.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The four ingredients common to MBO programs...

Question 5

In equity theory, if perceived inputs and outcomes are not balanced, an individual will make adjustments to correct the imbalance.

Accepted Answer

This is the fundamental principle of equity theory, where individuals strive for fairness and balance between their inputs (effort, time, resources) and outcomes (rewards, recognition, benefits). If there is a perceived imbalance, individuals will attempt to make adjustments by either reducing their inputs or increasing their outcomes to restore a sense of equity.

Question 6

In McClelland's theory of needs, the need for power is the drive to excel, and to achieve in relation to a set of standards.

Accepted Answer

In McClelland's theory of needs, the need for power is the desire to influence, teach, or encourage others, whereas the need for achievement is the drive to excel and to achieve in relation to a set of standards.

Question 7

Carrie was unhappy with the pay increase that she recently received.She didn't think that the dollar value was fair relative to her performance, and she was even more upset that some of her coworkers received a greater increase than she did.This is an example of
A)distributive justice.
B)procedural justice.
C)interactional justice.
D)operant justice.
E)equitable justice.

Accepted Answer

Distributive justice refers to the fairness of the distribution of rewards, such as pay increases, among individuals. Carrie's perception that her pay increase was not fair relative to her performance and that her coworkers received a greater increase suggests a concern with distributive justice.

Question 8

When hygiene factors are present, they usually lead to job satisfaction.

Accepted Answer

Hygiene factors, such as salary, working conditions and job security, are essential to prevent job dissatisfaction. However, their presence does not necessarily lead to job satisfaction. Once hygiene factors are met, employees seek motivation through intrinsic factors such as recognition, achievement, and personal growth.

Question 9

According to Maslow, the highest level of needs pertain to safety.

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the highest level of needs is self-actualization, which includes personal growth, fulfilling one's potential, and achieving a sense of purpose. Safety needs, such as physical security and protection from harm, fall into the middle tier of the hierarchy.

Question 10

Tony was so concerned that his department's project be completed on time that he offered all of his employees a $100 bonus for each day that the project was completed ahead of schedule.This is an example of
A)extinction.
B)valence.
C)variable reinforcement.
D)positive reinforcement.
E)extrinsic reward.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tony was so concerned that his department's...

Question 11

The premise that higher level needs can emerge before lower level needs are met is part of
A)Maslow's theory.
B)ERG theory.
C)process theory.
D)expectancy theory.
E)valence theory.

Accepted Answer

The premise that higher level needs (Existence, Relatedness, and Growth) can emerge before lower level needs (Physiological and Safety) are fully met is part of ERG theory, proposed by Clayton Alderfer. In contrast, Maslow's theory suggests that lower level needs must be satisfied before higher level needs can emerge. Process theory, expectancy theory, and valence theory are not relevant to this premise.

Question 12

In expectancy theory, the strength of a person's expectancy depends on how strongly he believes he can achieve high performance in the task.

Accepted Answer

According to expectancy theory, an individual’s motivation to exert a certain level of effort towards a task is dependent upon three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Expectancy refers to the belief that one’s effort will lead to high performance on the task. Therefore, the strength of a person's expectancy does depend on how strongly he believes he can achieve high performance in the task.

Question 13

The concept that individuals with a high need for achievement prefer to work on tasks of moderate difficulty is consistent with
A)ERG Theory.
B)Maslow's theory.
C)McClelland's theory.
D)expectancy theory.
E)valence theory.

Accepted Answer

This concept is a central tenet of McClelland's theory of needs, which posits that individuals have three primary needs: achievement, affiliation, and power. According to this theory, individuals with a high need for achievement are motivated by challenging tasks where success is based on their own efforts and abilities, but they also prefer tasks that are of moderate difficulty, meaning they are not too easy but also not too difficult. This is because tasks that are too easy do not provide a sense of accomplishment, while tasks that are too difficult can be overwhelming and lead to a fear of failure.

Question 14

In MBO, goals are established for departments and units rather than for individual employees.

Accepted Answer

In Management by Objectives (MBO), goals are established for both individual employees and departments or units, focusing on measurable objectives that align with the overall organizational goals.

Question 15

SCENARIO 4-10
Julie wishes to apply Maslow's hierarchy in her workplace.She is interested in how various employee needs are met by the organization.
Social needs can be met by providing employees with a place to take their breaks together.

Accepted Answer

Social needs, one of the needs in Maslow's hierarchy, can be met by providing employees with a place to take their breaks together.

Question 16

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task is known as
A)self-fulfillment.
B)self-respect.
C)self-esteem.
D)self-efficacy.
E)self-starting.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to successfully perform a specific task. It is a key component in self-confidence and motivation. A higher level of self-efficacy often leads to greater resilience, persistence, and success in achieving goals.

Question 17

According to Alderfer, once an employee's existence needs are substantially satisfied, the employee moves on to his or her relatedness needs.

Accepted Answer

Alderfer's ERG theory suggests that needs can be pursued simultaneously and are not strictly hierarchical, unlike Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Question 18

SCENARIO 4-10
Julie wishes to apply Maslow's hierarchy in her workplace.She is interested in how various employee needs are met by the organization.
The organization will find that employees' self-actualization needs are the easiest to satisfy.

Accepted Answer

It is unlikely that self-actualization needs are the easiest to satisfy. They are at the top of Maslow's hierarchy and require a sense of fulfillment and achievement beyond basic needs such as security and belongingness. Meeting self-actualization needs may require more complex and long-term solutions from the organization.

Question 19

SCENARIO 4-10
Julie wishes to apply Maslow's hierarchy in her workplace.She is interested in how various employee needs are met by the organization.
Some of the employees' safety needs are met by providing them with insurance.

Accepted Answer

Providing employees with insurance meets their safety needs, which is a part of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Question 20

Expectancy theory predicts that an employee will exert only a low level of effort if he or she perceives a strong relationship between effort and performance, performance and rewards, and rewards and personal goals.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory predicts that an employee will exert a high level of effort if he or she perceives a strong relationship between effort and performance, performance and rewards, and rewards and personal goals.

Quiz 4: Theories of Motivation

The main theories of motivation fall into one of two categories: needs theories and justice theories.

In MBO, goals should be tangible and measurable.

Factors that motivate depend on the individual and the situation the individual is in.

The four ingredients common to MBO programs are goal specificity, participative decision making, an implicit time period, and performance feedback.

In equity theory, if perceived inputs and outcomes are not balanced, an individual will make adjustments to correct the imbalance.

In McClelland's theory of needs, the need for power is the drive to excel, and to achieve in relation to a set of standards.

Carrie was unhappy with the pay increase that she recently received.She didn't think that the dollar value was fair relative to her performance, and she was even more upset that some of her coworkers received a greater increase than she did.This is an example of

When hygiene factors are present, they usually lead to job satisfaction.

According to Maslow, the highest level of needs pertain to safety.

Tony was so concerned that his department's project be completed on time that he offered all of his employees a $100 bonus for each day that the project was completed ahead of schedule.This is an example of

The premise that higher level needs can emerge before lower level needs are met is part of

In expectancy theory, the strength of a person's expectancy depends on how strongly he believes he can achieve high performance in the task.

The concept that individuals with a high need for achievement prefer to work on tasks of moderate difficulty is consistent with

In MBO, goals are established for departments and units rather than for individual employees.

SCENARIO 4-10 Julie wishes to apply Maslow's hierarchy in her workplace.She is interested in how various employee needs are met by the organization. Social needs can be met by providing employees with a place to take their breaks together.

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task is known as

According to Alderfer, once an employee's existence needs are substantially satisfied, the employee moves on to his or her relatedness needs.

SCENARIO 4-10 Julie wishes to apply Maslow's hierarchy in her workplace.She is interested in how various employee needs are met by the organization. The organization will find that employees' self-actualization needs are the easiest to satisfy.

SCENARIO 4-10 Julie wishes to apply Maslow's hierarchy in her workplace.She is interested in how various employee needs are met by the organization. Some of the employees' safety needs are met by providing them with insurance.

Expectancy theory predicts that an employee will exert only a low level of effort if he or she perceives a strong relationship between effort and performance, performance and rewards, and rewards and personal goals.