Question 1

Interpreting the effects of different environments on separately reared twins is complicated by the fact that

Accepted Answer

Different environments share many similarities, making it difficult to isolate the effects of a specific environment on twins. This is known as the problem of shared environmental influences.

Question 2

Which research topic would most appeal to a human ethologist such as John Bowlby?

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby is known for his work on attachment theory, which focuses on the early relationships between infants and caregivers. Therefore, a research topic on reflexes in human infants would be most relevant to his interests as a human ethologist. The other options, although they involve learning and behavior, are not directly related to Bowlby's area of expertise.

Question 3

Arnold Gesell's maturational theory of development resembles ____ viewpoint.

Accepted Answer

Arnold Gesell's maturational theory emphasizes the role of genetics and biology in development, which aligns closely with Konrad Lorenz's ethological perspective that also focuses on the biological and evolutionary basis of behavior.

Question 4

A primary assumption of the ethological viewpoint is that

Accepted Answer

The ethological viewpoint emphasizes that certain adaptive behaviors are shared among species and are the product of evolution. Therefore, option B is the primary assumption of this viewpoint. Options A, C, and D do not align with the core beliefs of the ethological perspective.

Question 5

Differentiate between the terms genotype and phenotype.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Differentiate between the terms genotype and phenotype....

Question 6

In developmental theory, the impact of nature is expressed as

Accepted Answer

The impact of nature in developmental theory is expressed as biological maturation, which refers to the genetically determined changes that occur in the individual's body and brain over time. This is distinct from the impact of nurturing environments, parents, peer dynamics, or other external factors that influence the child's development.

Question 7

According to ethologist John Bowlby, the crying of infants is adaptive because crying

Accepted Answer

According to Bowlby, crying is an adaptive behavior that serves to ensure that basic needs of infants are met, such as feeding, diapering, and comforting. This, in turn, promotes the development of emotional attachments between the infant and their caregivers, which lays the foundation for healthy social and emotional development in the future.

Question 8

Ethologists emphasize ____ among individuals' development, while behavioral learning theorists emphasize ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ethologists emphasize ____ among individuals' development, while...

Question 9

____ theory emphasizes biological aspects of development.

Accepted Answer

Lorenz's ethological theory emphasizes biological aspects of development, specifically the role of genetics and instinctual behavior in shaping an organism's development. Freud's psychoanalytical theory emphasizes psychological and social factors, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes the role of culture and social interactions, and Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory emphasizes the complex interactions between an individual and their environment.

Question 10

"Development happens predictably while the child ages, when genetically planned abilities unfold." This is a statement of ____ theory.

Accepted Answer

The statement describes Gesell's maturational theory, which suggests that development is primarily determined by genetics and follows a predetermined sequence of milestones as the child ages. This view emphasizes the importance of biological maturation rather than environmental factors or learning.

Question 11

Modern evolutionary theorists view the relatively long developmental process of human beings as

Accepted Answer

The relatively long developmental process of human beings is believed by modern evolutionary theorists to be a necessary evolutionary adaptation. This extended period of development allows for more complex brain development and behavioral flexibility, traits that have contributed to the success of humans as a species.

Question 12

MITOSIS is to MEIOSIS as is to .

Accepted Answer

Mitosis and meiosis both involve cell division, but mitosis results in two identical daughter cells while meiosis results in four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Similarly, quantitative and qualitative are both types of data analysis, but quantitative deals with numerical data while qualitative deals with non-numerical data.

Question 13

____ involves the study of the impact that evolution may have on the behavior of humans.

Accepted Answer

Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, including human behavior, and its causes and evolution. It specifically focuses on observing and understanding how behavior is shaped by biological and evolutionary factors such as natural selection. Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment, while natural selection and imprinting are mechanisms by which evolution can occur.

Question 14

Natural selection is a key supporting principle of ____ theory.

Accepted Answer

Ethological theory, which focuses on the biological and evolutionary basis of behavior, heavily incorporates natural selection as a supporting principle. Piaget's cognitive theory, psychoanalytical theory, and sociocultural theory do not rely as heavily on natural selection.

Question 15

As a child matures into adolescence, ____ genotype/environment correlations become more important.

Accepted Answer

Active (niche-building) genotype/environment correlations become more important as a child matures into adolescence because individuals increasingly seek out environments that are compatible with their genetic predispositions.

Question 16

Bonnie Beanpole's relatives are tall. She is now 6'4" and towers over her high school classmates. Bonnie seeks the company of tall men in the basketball club. This shows a(n) ____ genotype/environment correlation.

Accepted Answer

Bonnie Beanpole's behavior is an example of an active (niche-building) genotype/environment correlation because she is actively seeking an environment (the basketball club) that fits her genetic predispositions (being tall). This type of correlation occurs when an individual's genes influence their choice of environment.

Question 17

Through active niche-building, similarities within pairs of fraternal twins ____ as they mature from childhood to adulthood.

Accepted Answer

As fraternal twins mature, they often engage in different activities and environments, leading to a divergence in their interests and behaviors, thus weakening their similarities.

Question 18

Asthma is common in Arizona because patients move there for its dry climate. This migration shows a(n) ____ genotype/environment correlation.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of an active (niche-building) genotype/environment correlation because individuals with asthma actively seek out a dry climate that they believe will be beneficial for their condition, thereby creating or choosing an environment that suits their genetic predispositions.

Question 19

CRITICAL PERIOD is to SENSITIVE PERIOD as ____ is to ____.

Accepted Answer

The critical period is a specific time during development when an organism is particularly receptive to certain stimuli, after which this receptivity sharply declines or disappears. This concept suggests a more abrupt or finite window for development. The sensitive period, while similar, implies a more gradual or extended timeframe where an organism can be influenced, but not as sharply defined as the critical period. Choices A, C, and D do not reflect this relationship of an abrupt versus a more gradual or extended condition.

Question 20

Proponents of modern evolutionary theory argue that preselected, adaptive motives and behaviors are those that

Accepted Answer

According to modern evolutionary theory, preselected adaptive motives and behaviors are those that ensure the survival and spread of the individual's genes, as genes are the ultimate unit of selection in evolution. Survival of the individual is important but only as it contributes to the transmission of genes to future generations. Emotional ties to caregivers and learning of survival techniques may be important for survival and reproduction, but they are not the primary focus of evolutionary theory.

Quiz 2: Hereditary Influences on Development