Question 1

A(n)__________is the tendency to respond to a new problem with the same approach that helped solve similar problems.

Accepted Answer

A mental set is a cognitive tendency to use familiar strategies or solutions to solve problems, even when the same solutions may not be appropriate for a new problem.

Question 2

The__________is a decision-making heuristic in which our estimates of frequency or probability of events are based on how easy it is to find examples.

Accepted Answer

The availability heuristic is based on the ease with which we can bring instances to mind. It is influenced by the frequency or vividness of events in our memory, rather than actual statistics or probabilities. This often leads us to overestimate the likelihood of events that are easily remembered or frequently discussed in the media.

Question 3

_____ is defined by the ability to cope with novel situations and generate many possible solutions to problems.

Accepted Answer

Creative intelligence is the ability to come up with unique and innovative solutions to problems or situations. It involves thinking outside of the box, being imaginative and resourceful, and considering multiple perspectives. This type of intelligence is important for many fields, including art, science, business, and technology.

Question 4

In language development, over inclusion of instances in a category is labeled _____.

Accepted Answer

Overextension is the term used when a child includes too many instances in a category. For example, a child might use the word "ball" to refer to any round object, including apples or oranges. Overregularization refers to the overgeneralization of grammar rules, while overanalyzing and overarching are not relevant terms in this context.

Question 5

In the context of psycholinguistic theory, the inborn tendency to acquire language is referred to as a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

According to psycholinguistic theory, the inborn tendency to acquire language is mediated by the Language Acquisition Device (LAD), a hypothesized cognitive structure that enables humans to learn and produce language. This theory was proposed by Noam Chomsky, who argued that language acquisition is an innate ability that is hard-wired into the brain. The LAD is believed to enable children to extract the underlying rules of language from the input they receive, even when that input is incomplete or inconsistent.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true of problem solving?

Accepted Answer

Algorithms are step-by-step procedures that, when followed correctly, are guaranteed to produce a correct solution to a problem. Heuristics, on the other hand, are general problem-solving strategies that may or may not work for a particular problem, and they do not guarantee a correct solution. While algorithms may take longer to execute than heuristics, they are more reliable in producing a correct solution.

Question 7

In the context of problem solving, _____ involves dealing simultaneously with two or more elements of the problems.

Accepted Answer

Parallel processing involves dealing with multiple elements of a problem simultaneously. This is in contrast to serial processing, which involves dealing with elements in a linear order. Overextension and overregularization are not related to problem solving.

Question 8

Dana has the ability to easily cope with unexpected and challenging situations. She generates solutions to problems by relating unexpected situations to familiar situations. In this scenario, Dana is exhibiting _____.

Accepted Answer

Dana is exhibiting creative intelligence, which involves the ability to generate solutions to novel problems and to apply knowledge in new ways, as indicated by her ability to relate unexpected situations to familiar ones to generate solutions.

Question 9

In 1904, British psychologist Charles Spearman suggested that the behaviors we consider intelligent have a common underlying factor called__________, which includes broad reasoning and problem-solving abilities.

Accepted Answer

Charles Spearman proposed the concept of general intelligence or "g factor" to explain the common factor underlying various cognitive tasks such as reasoning, problem-solving, and learning. This idea laid the foundation for the development of intelligence testing and the field of psychometrics.

Question 10

Identify a true statement about environmental influences on intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that children's early environment, such as exposure to language and educational materials, is linked to academic achievement and IQ scores. Option A and C are false statements as research has indicated that parenting styles, such as being responsive and providing stimulation, can positively impact a child's intelligence. Option D is also incorrect as the home environment has been found to predict IQ scores in children of all ages, not just those over nine years old.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true of language?

Accepted Answer

Language is a tool for communication and allows one person to pass on knowledge, thoughts, and ideas to another person. Option A is incorrect as humans use semanticity and displacement in their language. Option C is incorrect as language relies on symbols to represent objects, actions, and ideas. Option D is incorrect as language is a means of expressing and organizing units of thought.

Question 12

According to Louis Thurstone,__________are the eight specific factors that make up intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Louis Thurstone proposed the theory of primary mental abilities, which consists of eight specific factors that make up intelligence: verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical ability, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, reasoning, and induction.

Question 13

A(n) _____ is a systematic procedure for solving a problem that works invariably when it is correctly applied.

Accepted Answer

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure that can be followed to solve a problem. It is a systematic and reliable method that will always provide a solution when correctly applied. Prototypes, hypotheses, and exemplars are not necessarily systematic procedures for problem-solving.

Question 14

The anchoring and adjustment heuristic is a decision-making heuristic in which:

Accepted Answer

The anchoring and adjustment heuristic is when a person forms a presumptive or initial estimate, known as an anchor, which then influences their subsequent judgments and decisions. This first estimate serves as a cognitive bias that affects their subsequent adjustments or modifications to that estimate.

Question 15

In the context of the theories of intelligence, which of the following statements is true of creative people?

Accepted Answer

According to the theory of multiple intelligences by Howard Gardner, creative intelligence is one of the eight types of intelligence. Creative people tend to appreciate art and music, and have a knack for originality, imagination, and creativity. They are not necessarily bound by social norms or take popular stands, but rather, they have a tendency to think outside of the box and come up with unique solutions to problems. They use divergent thinking to generate many different ideas and possibilities, rather than convergent thinking to arrive at a single, correct answer. Additionally, creative people are not necessarily accepting of their limitations, but rather, they may see them as challenges to overcome in order to push the boundaries of what is possible.

Question 16

Which of the following is a reason for overconfidence?

Accepted Answer

Overconfidence is often caused by a confirmation bias, where we seek out and interpret information in a way that confirms our beliefs. One way we do this is by working to bring about events that we believe in, which leads us to feel more confident in our abilities and judgments.

Question 17

Christopher is skilled at problem solving and possesses broad reasoning abilities. According to Charles Spearman, Christopher's abilities are indicative of _____.

Accepted Answer

Charles Spearman's theory of general intelligence suggests that individuals who are skilled at problem solving and possess broad reasoning abilities, like Christopher, have high levels of general intelligence.

Question 18

A(n) _____ is a system of symbols along with rules that are used to manipulate the symbols.

Accepted Answer

A language is a system of symbols, such as words, along with rules for manipulating those symbols to create meaning. Prototypes, algorithms, and exemplars are all different cognitive concepts that do not fit the definition of a language.

Question 19

In the context of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SBIS), which of the following statements is true of intelligence quotient (IQ)?

Accepted Answer

IQ reflects the relationship between a child's mental age and their actual age. It is calculated by dividing the child's mental age score by their actual age and multiplying it by 100. Therefore, IQ takes into account both mental age and chronological age. Options A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the concept of IQ.

Question 20

Vinvac Inc. was established three years ago. Kevin and Raj, co-owners of Vinvac Inc., had set a five-year goal for the company when they established it. Presently, they are assessing the difference between the company's current situation and the goals they had set so that they can work toward minimizing the difference. In this scenario, Kevin and Raj are using a technique called _____.

Accepted Answer

Kevin and Raj are using means-end analysis, which is a problem-solving technique involving identifying the goal and the means to achieve it. They are comparing the company's current situation with the set goal and working toward minimizing the difference. Option A is not related to the context, Option B is a linguistic term not related to problem-solving, and Option D is a linguistic analysis technique.

Quiz 7: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

A(n) __________is the tendency to respond to a new problem with the same approach that helped solve similar problems.