Question 1

The attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behaviour of certain types of offenders based upon behavioural clues they provide is referred to as ________.

Accepted Answer

The attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behaviour of certain types of offenders based upon behavioural clues they provide is referred to as psychological profiling. Substantial capacity testing refers to an assessment of a defendant's mental state at the time of the crime to determine whether they had the ability to understand what they were doing and control their actions. Operant conditioning is a process by which behaviour is shaped through rewards and punishments. Psychiatric criminology refers to the study of the relationship between mental disorders and criminal behaviour. Forensic psychiatry is a branch of medicine that applies psychiatric principles to legal issues.

Question 2

All offenders found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder must be detained in a custody hospital for an indeterminate period of time.

Accepted Answer

Offenders found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder are assessed by a review board, which determines the most appropriate disposition, including release into the community under certain conditions, not necessarily detention in a hospital for an indeterminate period.

Question 3

Behaviour theory differs from other psychological theories in that the major determinants of behaviour are envisioned as existing in the environment surrounding the individual rather than ________________.

Accepted Answer

Behaviour theory emphasizes that behaviour is shaped by environmental factors, such as reinforcement and punishment, rather than being solely determined by internal impulses or mental processes within the individual.

Question 4

When a verdict of "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder" (NCRMD) is made, a ______________________ is ordered to assess whether or not the accused poses any threat to the public or to him- or herself.

Accepted Answer

When an accused is found NCRMD, a disposition hearing is ordered to determine what measures should be taken to ensure the safety of the public and the accused. This hearing may result in the accused being detained in a psychiatric hospital, released with conditions, or placed under a community treatment order. The other options listed are not relevant in this situation.

Question 5

________ is a branch of forensic psychology which is concerned with the diagnosis and classification of offenders, the treatment of correctional populations, and the rehabilitation of inmates and other law violators.

Accepted Answer

Correctional psychology is the branch of forensic psychology that focuses on working with inmates and other law violators in correctional settings. This includes diagnosing and classifying offenders, developing and implementing treatment programs, and assisting with their rehabilitation and reintegration into society. While psychopathology, forensic psychiatry, and psychological profiling are all related to forensic psychology, they do not specifically focus on correctional populations and their needs. Conditioning may also play a role in correctional psychology, but it is not the primary focus of the field.

Question 6

Most psychological theories of crime causation make the following assumption: that personality is the major motivational element within individuals because it is the seat of drives and the source of motives.

Accepted Answer

Most psychological theories of crime causation do assume that personality is the major motivational element within individuals, as it is believed to be the seat of drives and the source of motives.

Question 7

According to ________, crime is the result of fundamental personality characteristics linked to individual central nervous system characteristics.

Accepted Answer

Hans Eysenck's theory proposes that criminal behavior is a result of innate differences in central nervous system functioning that lead to an inability to learn from punishment and to control impulses.

Question 8

________ refers to a legally established inability to understand right from wrong, or to conform one's behaviour to the requirements of the law. Also, a defence allowable in criminal courts.

Accepted Answer

Mental disorder (legal) refers to a legal term used to describe a condition where an individual is incapable of understanding the nature and consequences of their actions, making it impossible for them to conform to the law's requirements. It is a defense that can be used in criminal courts.

Question 9

________ are said to be characterized by disordered or disjointed thinking, in which the types of logical associations they make are atypical of other people.

Accepted Answer

Disordered or disjointed thinking and atypical logical associations are symptoms commonly associated with schizophrenia. Psychopaths, persons with asocial personalities, persons with antisocial personalities, and sociopaths may exhibit other symptoms, but these symptoms are not typically associated with their respective conditions.

Question 10

________________ may be either organic (resulting from physical damage to, or abnormalities in, the brain) or functional (having no known physical cause).

Accepted Answer

The term "psychosis" refers to a mental disorder characterized by a disconnection from reality, which can result from physical damage to the brain (organic) or have no known physical cause (functional).

Question 11

Clifford Olson, the notorious Canadian serial killer, has never shown any guilt or remorse for the 11 young people he murdered in British Columbia in the early 1980s

Accepted Answer

Clifford Olson has never shown any remorse or guilt for his crimes, even confessing to them with a lack of emotion.

Question 12

An Electroencephalogram, or EEG, measures what?

Accepted Answer

An EEG measures brainwave activity.

Question 13

________ is defined as a functional disorder of the mind or of the emotions involving anxiety, phobia, or other abnormal behaviour.

Accepted Answer

The definition given describes neurosis, which is a type of mental disorder characterized by symptoms of distress and anxiety that are not caused by underlying organic pathology. Option A describes a more severe form of mental disorder involving a loss of contact with reality. Option B refers to a type of behavior that is shaped by its consequences. Options C and D describe personality disorders characterized by antisocial behavior and lack of empathy.

Question 14

The Frustration-Aggression Theory holds that frustration is a natural consequence of living and a root cause of crime.

Accepted Answer

The Frustration-Aggression Theory does hold that frustration can lead to aggression and potentially crime.

Question 15

Although Freud wrote little about crime per se, he did spend much of his time attempting to account for a variety of abnormal behaviours, many of which might lead to violations of the criminal law.

Accepted Answer

Freud's work focused on understanding and explaining abnormal human behavior, including behaviors that could potentially lead to criminal acts. While he did not write extensively about crime specifically, his theories and concepts are often applied to criminology and the study of criminal behavior.

Question 16

The theory of human psychology founded on the concepts of the unconscious, resistance, repression, sexuality, and the Oedipus complex is ________.

Accepted Answer

The theory of human psychology founded on the concepts of the unconscious, resistance, repression, sexuality, and the Oedipus complex is psychoanalysis. This theory was developed by Sigmund Freud and is the basis for many psychotherapeutic approaches.

Question 17

Behavioural conditioning is based on the work of Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov.

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is considered the founder of behavioural conditioning, also known as classical conditioning. He conducted experiments with dogs where he conditioned them to associate a bell ring with the presentation of food, eliciting a conditioned response of salivation even when food was not present.

Question 18

________ is the study of pathological mental conditions.

Accepted Answer

Psychopathology is the study of pathological mental conditions, including their origins, symptoms, and treatment. Psychopathy is a more specific term used to describe a personality disorder characterized by antisocial behavior, lack of empathy, and impulsivity. Psychiatric criminology and correctional psychology are related fields that focus on the intersection of mental health and the criminal justice system. Forensic psychology is the application of psychological principles and research to legal issues, including criminal and civil trials.

Question 19

The ________ is a standard for judging legal insanity that requires that offenders did not know what they were doing, or if they did, that they did not know it was wrong.

Accepted Answer

The McNaughten rule (also known as the M'Naghten rule) is a standard for evaluating legal insanity that requires that offenders did not know what they were doing or if they did, that they did not know it was wrong. This test is the most widely used standard for judging legal insanity in the United States.

Question 20

If a person was identified as a "paranoid schizophrenic," this person would be deemed to be suffering from delusions and hallucinations.

Accepted Answer

A paranoid schizophrenic is someone who experiences delusions and hallucinations, which are hallmark symptoms of the condition.

Quiz 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour