Question 1

Deconstructionist theory is one of the emerging approaches that challenges existing criminological perspectives to debunk them and that works toward replacing them with concepts more applicable to the postmodern era.

Accepted Answer

Deconstructionist theory is indeed an emerging approach that aims to challenge existing criminological perspectives by exposing their limitations and proposing new concepts that are more appropriate in the postmodern era. This approach is characterized by its focus on language, power, and discourse, and its rejection of fixed meanings and universal truths that are often assumed by traditional criminological theories. Instead, deconstructionist theory emphasizes the complexity and diversity of the world, and encourages researchers to question their assumptions and biases in order to gain a more nuanced understanding of crime, justice, and society.

Question 2

______________ School is an approach to criminal justice theory that stresses the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminals.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ______________ School is an approach to criminal...

Question 3

Subculture of violence is a belief that an area's physical features may be modified and structured so as to reduce crime rates in that area and to lower the fear of victimization that residents experience.

Accepted Answer

Subculture of violence is actually a theory developed by criminologists in the 1960s that suggests certain subcultures within society have values and norms that promote violence as a means of resolving conflicts. It is not related to modifying physical features of an area to reduce crime rates.

Question 4

An eighteenth-century approach to crime causation and criminal responsibility that grew out of the Enlightenment and that emphasized the role of free will and reasonable punishment comes from the _______________ School of criminological theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An eighteenth-century approach to crime causation and...

Question 5

Modern criminology is a perspective that holds that crime-control agencies and the citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Modern criminology is a perspective that holds...

Question 6

Franz Joseph Gall is most closely associated with the __________ theory of the causation of crime.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Franz Joseph Gall is most closely associated...

Question 7

Feminist criminology is a developing intellectual approach that emphasizes gender issues in criminology.

Accepted Answer

Feminist criminology is indeed a developing intellectual approach that focuses on examining gender-based issues, such as the gendered nature of crime and the criminal justice system's response to women and men's offending behavior.

Question 8

Anomie is a socially pervasive condition of normlessness.

Accepted Answer

Anomie is a condition where social norms and values are weakened, unclear, or absent, leading to a sense of normlessness and confusion in society. It can result from rapid social changes, inequality, or breakdowns in social institutions such as family or government.

Question 9

A fairly new perspective that holds that crime-control agencies and the citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime is known as ___________________ criminology.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A fairly new perspective that holds that...

Question 10

The defensible space theory occurs when violence is a traditional and often accepted method of dispute resolution.

Accepted Answer

The defensible space theory, developed by architect Oscar Newman, suggests that urban design and the physical layout of communities can lead to a reduction in crime by creating spaces that allow for natural surveillance and foster a sense of ownership among residents. It does not relate to violence as a method of dispute resolution.

Question 11

A social process perspective that sees continued crime as a consequence of the limited opportunities for acceptable behavior that follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders is known as the social development theory.

Accepted Answer

The correct term for this perspective is "labeling theory," which focuses on how the labels applied to individuals by society can influence their self-identity and behavior, particularly in the context of crime and deviance.

Question 12

William Sheldon used somatotyping to explain juvenile criminal behavior.

Accepted Answer

William Sheldon was a psychologist who used somatotyping to explain the behavior of individuals, including juvenile delinquents. He believed that body type was related to personality and behavior, and that individuals with specific body types were more likely to engage in criminal behavior.

Question 13

A psychopath is a person with a personality disorder,especially one manifested in aggressively antisocial behavior,which is often said to be the result of a poorly developed superego.

Accepted Answer

This is the definition of a psychopath according to common understanding in psychology.

Question 14

The Biological School views deviant behavior as the product of environmental forces.

Accepted Answer

The Biological School suggests that deviant behavior is largely determined by biological factors such as genetics and brain chemistry, rather than environmental forces.

Question 15

The social _______________ theory is a psychological perspective that says that people learn how to behave by modeling themselves after others whom they have the opportunity to observe.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The social _______________ theory is a psychological...

Question 16

Postmodern criminology is a branch of criminology that developed after World War II and that builds on the tenets of postmodern social thought.

Accepted Answer

Postmodern criminology is indeed a branch of criminology that emerged after World War II, and it draws upon the principles of postmodern social thought. Postmodernism emphasizes the inherent subjectivity, instability, and cultural diversity of human experience and rejects essentialist, universalizing claims about social phenomena. In criminology, postmodern thought has contributed to critical perspectives on the social construction of crime, the effects of power relations on criminal justice practices, and the importance of language and discourse in shaping public perceptions of crime and punishment.

Question 17

All deviant behavior is a violation of the criminal law.

Accepted Answer

Deviant behavior refers to actions that deviate from social norms, but not all deviant behavior is necessarily illegal or a violation of criminal law. For example, wearing unusual clothing or having a non-traditional hairstyle may be considered deviant behavior, but it is not a criminal offense.

Question 18

Broken windows theory is a perspective on crime causation that holds that the physical deterioration of an area leads to higher crime rates and an increased concern for personal safety among residents.

Accepted Answer

This is an accurate description of the broken windows theory.

Question 19

Reaction formation is the process whereby a person openly rejects that which he or she wants or aspires to but cannot obtain or achieve.

Accepted Answer

That is the correct definition of reaction formation.

Question 20

Phrenology is the study of the shape of the head to determine anatomical correlates of human behavior.

Accepted Answer

Phrenology was a popular theory in the 19th century but has since been discredited as there is no evidence to support the idea that the shape of the head is a reliable indicator of an individual's personality traits or abilities.

Quiz 3: The Search for Causes