Question 1

Six-month-old Trent saw his dad blink three times when he held a baby bottle. An hour after this occurred, Trent sees a baby bottle and blinks three times. This action would best be described as _____ imitation.

Accepted Answer

Deferred imitation refers to the ability to reproduce a previously witnessed action or behavior after a delay, which is exactly what Trent demonstrated by blinking three times upon seeing the baby bottle an hour after observing his dad do the same.

Question 2

Deferred imitation always

Accepted Answer

Deferred imitation refers to the ability to imitate a behavior after a time delay, indicating that the child has formed a mental representation of the behavior. Therefore, it occurs after a delay between seeing an action and the response. It does not involve a reflex action, reflect the method of loci, or indicate that an implicit memory has been activated.

Question 3

Case suggests that a preschooler's tendency to center (as described by Piaget) is likely related to limited _____ memory size.

Accepted Answer

Working memory is responsible for processing and organizing information in the present moment, and its capacity is limited, especially in young children. This limitation can lead to tendencies to center on one aspect of a situation, as described by Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Sensory memory refers to brief storage of sensory information, long-term memory is responsible for storing information for an extended period, and implicit memory refers to unconscious memory processes.

Question 4

If short-term memory capacity is "domain-specific," then

Accepted Answer

If short-term memory capacity is domain-specific, it means that it is influenced by one's knowledge and experience in a particular domain. Therefore, individuals who have more knowledge in a particular domain will have a larger short-term memory capacity size for related items in that domain.

Question 5

Which best describes the memory abilities of an infant human?

Accepted Answer

Infant memory is often cue-dependent and context-specific, meaning that infants are more likely to remember information when they are in the same context or environment in which they initially learned it, and when specific cues are present.

Question 6

Which statement best exemplifies a "preservation error"?

Accepted Answer

A preservation error occurs when someone continues to use a strategy or approach that worked in the past, but may not be effective in the present circumstances. Option C is the only choice that mentions sticking to a previous method regardless of whether it is currently working or not.

Question 7

Flavell and Wellman (1977) suggested four major reasons to explain the improved memory and learning abilities in the aging child. Which was NOT on their list of reasons?

Accepted Answer

Flavell and Wellman did not include the increase in working-term memory slots as a reason for improved memory and learning abilities in children.

Question 8

Older children can learn faster and remember more than younger children because older children typically show a significant increase in

Accepted Answer

Older children have a greater working-memory capacity, which allows them to process and manipulate information more effectively, aiding in faster learning and better memory retention.

Question 9

Carolyn Rovee-Collier's (1997) research on infant memory involved recording kicking behavior when a ribbon was tied to the infant's foot, demonstrating that young children have _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Carolyn Rovee-Collier's (1997) research on infant memory...

Question 10

What seems to underlie the significant increase in processing speed seen during childhood?

Accepted Answer

The significant increase in processing speed seen during childhood is primarily due to brain maturation. As the brain develops, neural connections become more efficient, leading to faster processing times. Other factors such as enhanced use of preservation, improved sensory systems, and greater reliance on implicit memory may contribute to cognitive development but they are not the primary factors underlying the increase in processing speed.

Question 11

Nelson is going to the grocery story with his four-year-old son, Muntz. Nelson wants Muntz to help him recall the items that they need to buy. Research on memory development indicates that Nelson should expect his son to be able to store about _____ item(s) in short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that the average four-year-old can store around three items in their short-term memory.

Question 12

The research study of infant memory involving a ribbon tied to an infant's foot relied heavily on _____ conditioning techniques.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The research study of infant memory involving...

Question 13

If you turn on a floor fan, an infant will immediately orient its head toward the sound. After awhile, the infant appears to lose interest and turns its head back to its original position. This phenomenon is known as

Accepted Answer

Habituation is the process by which an infant becomes less responsive to a repeated stimulus over time. In this scenario, the sound of the fan is the repeated stimulus, and the infant's initial orientation response indicates that it is detecting and processing the sound. However, as the sound continues and nothing new or interesting happens, the infant becomes habituated to it and loses interest, eventually returning its head to its original position.

Question 14

Six-month-old Frances has been listening to her mother, Connie, singing for the past 20 minutes. How would Frances demonstrate habituation?

Accepted Answer

Habituation refers to a decrease in responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure to it. In this scenario, Frances would demonstrate habituation by becoming less interested or excited about her mother's singing as time goes on. Option B is incorrect because it suggests that Frances would be attempting to imitate the noise, which is not related to habituation. Option C is incorrect because it suggests that Frances would become more excited, which is the opposite of habituation. Option D is incorrect because the rooting reflex is a response to touch, not sound.

Question 15

While attempting to find his lost toy bear, 10-month-old Teddy pulls away a couch's cushion and finds the bear he watched his mother hide there 10 minutes earlier. This best demonstrates the use of _____ memory.

Accepted Answer

Recall memory involves retrieving information that has been previously learned and stored in memory, which is what Teddy was doing when he remembered where his toy bear was hidden. Recognition memory, on the other hand, involves recognizing information as previously encountered, which was not demonstrated in this scenario. Implicit and sensory register memory do not apply to this situation.

Question 16

Flavell and Wellman (1977) suggested four major reasons to explain the improved memory and learning abilities in the aging child. Which was on their list of reasons?

Accepted Answer

Flavell and Wellman (1977) suggested that an increased knowledge about the world is one of the major reasons for improved memory and learning abilities in aging children. This is because as children gain more knowledge and experiences, they are able to better organize and retrieve information from their memory.

Question 17

Habituation is best described as learning

Accepted Answer

Habituation is a decrease in responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure to it. This means that the individual learns not to respond to the stimulus, which is described as option C, "not to respond." The other options are not appropriate because habituation does not involve learning a new response (option B), nor does it involve a reflex (option A) or reinforcement (option D).

Question 18

By age _____, most infants first begin to verbalize events that happened months earlier.

Accepted Answer

The answer of By age _____, most infants first begin...

Question 19

The tendency to keep making the same mistake over and over is referred to as making a(n) _____ error.

Accepted Answer

Preservation error refers to the tendency to continue using a strategy or response that was effective in the past, even though it may not be useful in the current situation. This can lead to repeating the same mistake over and over again. Mediation, utilization, and organization errors are not commonly used terms in psychology and do not relate to this phenomenon.

Question 20

Short-term memory capacity _____ between ages 6 and 13.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that short-term memory capacity increases significantly between ages 6 and 13.

Quiz 8: Memory and Information Processing