Question 1

Which of the following computes the exact probability of outcomes in a 2 × 2 table?
A)Wilcoxon rank test
B)Fisher's exact test
C)the sign test
D)Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA

Accepted Answer

Fisher's exact test computes the exact probability of outcomes in a 2 × 2 table. The other options are not designed to compute exact probabilities in 2 × 2 tables.

Question 2

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to compare two independent samples?
A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank
C)Spearman rank
D)Kolmogorov-Smirnov

Accepted Answer

The Mann-Whitney U test is used to compare two independent samples and is therefore the best choice for this question. The Wilcoxon rank test is used to compare two related samples, the Spearman rank test is used to assess the association between two variables, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used to compare the distribution of two samples.

Question 3

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to determine if the number of occurrences across categories is random?
A)McNemar
B)Fisher's exact
C)chi-square one-sample test
D)Spearman rank

Accepted Answer

The chi-square one-sample test is used to determine whether the observed frequencies of a categorical variable differ significantly from the expected frequencies. It is commonly used to assess the goodness-of-fit of a model or to test for independence between two categorical variables. McNemar test is used to compare proportions in matched samples, Fisher's exact test is used to determine if there is a significant association between two categorical variables in a 2x2 contingency table, and Spearman rank is used to test the correlation between ordinal variables.

Question 4

Which of the following is the most commonly used nonparametric test?
A)t-test
B)ANOVA
C)chi-square
D)Mann-Whitney U

Accepted Answer

The chi-square test is the most commonly used nonparametric test for categorical data, such as comparing proportions or frequencies in different groups. T-test and ANOVA are parametric tests, which are used for continuous data with assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance. The Mann-Whitney U is another nonparametric test used for comparing two independent groups, but it is not as commonly used as the chi-square test.

Question 5

The obtained value must be compared against which of the following?
A)test value
B)critical value
C)expected value
D)observed value

Accepted Answer

The obtained value in hypothesis testing is compared against the critical value to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. The critical value is derived from the level of significance and degrees of freedom of the test, and represents the cutoff point beyond which the obtained value is deemed statistically significant. Therefore, B is the best choice.

Question 6

Statistics that are not governed by distributions are referred to as _______ statistics.
A)parametric
B)nonparametric
C)population
D)nondistribution

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric statistics do not require the data to follow a specific distribution and are often used when the underlying data does not meet the assumptions of parametric statistics. Therefore, this is the correct answer choice. A, C, and D are not the best choices because population statistics refer to statistics about an entire population, parametric statistics assume that the data follows a specific distribution, and nondistribution is not a commonly used term in statistics.

Question 7

In order to meet the sample assumption associated with parametric statistics, how many subjects do you need?
A)20
B)30
C)50
D)100

Accepted Answer

Parametric statistics typically require a minimum sample size of 30 to satisfy the central limit theorem, which ensures that the sampling distribution of the mean will be approximately normally distributed.

Question 8

If you have 100 respondents identifying their region of residence (i.e., North, South, Midwest, or West), what would the expected frequency be for each category?
A)33
B)50
C)25
D)100

Accepted Answer

The expected frequency for each category is calculated by dividing the total number of respondents (100) by the number of categories (4), which equals 25.

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the degrees of freedom for a one-sample chi-square?
A)n − 1
B)n − 3
C)r − 1
D)r − 3

Accepted Answer

In a one-sample chi-square, degrees of freedom are calculated by subtracting one from the number of categories (r) being compared. Therefore, the correct formula for calculating degrees of freedom is r - 1. Options A and B do not apply to this formula. Option D is only relevant in a two-sample chi-square test.

Question 10

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to determine if scores from a sample came from a specified population?
A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Fisher's exact
C)Kolmogorov-Smirnov
D)Spearman rank

Accepted Answer

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used to determine if a sample comes from a specified population by comparing the cumulative distribution function of the sample to the cumulative distribution function of the population.

Question 11

If you have 100 respondents identifying their gender, what would the expected frequency be for each category?
A)25
B)50
C)75
D)100

Accepted Answer

If we assume a binary gender system (male and female), we would expect approximately 50 respondents to identify as male and 50 to identify as female. However, it's important to acknowledge and respect the existence of non-binary and gender non-conforming individuals who may identify outside of this binary system.

Question 12

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to compare the magnitude and direction of differences between two groups?
A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank
C)Spearman rank
D)Fisher's exact

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following nonparametric tests is...

Question 13

A two-sample chi-square is also known as a _______.
A)goodness-of-fit test
B)test of independence
C)Wilcoxon rank
D)Mann-Whitney U

Accepted Answer

A two-sample chi-square test is used to test the independence of two categorical variables. It compares the observed frequencies in the contingency table to the expected frequencies under the assumption of independence. A goodness-of-fit test is used to examine whether the observed frequencies follow a particular distribution, while Wilcoxon rank and Mann-Whitney U tests are nonparametric tests for comparing two independent samples.

Question 14

What is the level of risk associated with rejecting a true null hypothesis called?
A)Type I error
B)Type II error
C)Type III error
D)power

Accepted Answer

The level of risk associated with rejecting a true null hypothesis is called a Type I error.

Question 15

Which of the following is used to compare the medians from two samples?
A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank test
C)Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA
D)the sign test

Accepted Answer

The Mann-Whitney U test, also known as the Wilcoxon rank-sum test or the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test, is used to compare the medians from two independent samples. Option B, the Wilcoxon rank test, is used to compare the medians of two related samples, while option C, the Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA, is used to compare medians from three or more independent samples. Option D, the sign test, is used to compare medians of two related samples when the data is not normally distributed.

Question 16

Which of the following compares the overall difference between two or more independent samples?
A)Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA
B)the sign test
C)Wilcoxon rank test
D)Mann-Whitney U

Accepted Answer

Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA is used to compare the overall difference between two or more independent samples. The sign test, Wilcoxon rank test, and Mann-Whitney U are all used for comparing two independent samples.

Question 17

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to examine the correlation between ranks?
A)Mann-Whitney U
B)Wilcoxon rank
C)Spearman rank
D)Fisher's exact

Accepted Answer

Spearman rank test is used to examine the correlation between ranks. The Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon rank tests are used to compare two independent or related groups, while Fisher's exact test is used to analyze the association between two categorical variables.

Question 18

If you have 100 respondents identifying their political affiliation (i.e.Democrat, Republican, or independent), what would the expected frequency be for each category?
A)33
B)50
C)25
D)100

Accepted Answer

If there are 100 respondents and three categories, the expected frequency for each category would be 100 divided by 3, which is approximately 33.

Question 19

A one-sample chi-square is also known as a _______.
A)goodness-of-fit test
B)test of independence
C)Wilcoxon rank
D)Mann-Whitney U

Accepted Answer

A one-sample chi-square is used to test whether observed data fits a hypothetical distribution or not, hence it is often referred to as a goodness-of-fit test. Options B, C, and D are all different types of nonparametric tests used for different purposes.

Question 20

Which of the following compares the overall difference between two or more independent samples on more than one dimension?
A)Wilcoxon rank test
B)The sign test
C)Friedman two-way ANOVA
D)Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA

Accepted Answer

Friedman two-way ANOVA compares the overall difference between two or more independent samples on more than one dimension. It is used when the dependent variable is ordinal and the independent variable has more than two categories. The test ranks the data within each dimension and tests whether the ranks differ across the groups.

Quiz 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal: CHI-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests

Which of the following computes the exact probability of outcomes in a 2 × 2 table?

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to compare two independent samples?

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to determine if the number of occurrences across categories is random?

Which of the following is the most commonly used nonparametric test?

The obtained value must be compared against which of the following?

Statistics that are not governed by distributions are referred to as _______ statistics.

In order to meet the sample assumption associated with parametric statistics, how many subjects do you need?

If you have 100 respondents identifying their region of residence (i.e., North, South, Midwest, or West) , what would the expected frequency be for each category?

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the degrees of freedom for a one-sample chi-square?

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to determine if scores from a sample came from a specified population?

If you have 100 respondents identifying their gender, what would the expected frequency be for each category?

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to compare the magnitude and direction of differences between two groups?

A two-sample chi-square is also known as a _______.

What is the level of risk associated with rejecting a true null hypothesis called?

Which of the following is used to compare the medians from two samples?

Which of the following compares the overall difference between two or more independent samples?

Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to examine the correlation between ranks?

If you have 100 respondents identifying their political affiliation (i.e.Democrat, Republican, or independent) , what would the expected frequency be for each category?

A one-sample chi-square is also known as a _______.

Which of the following compares the overall difference between two or more independent samples on more than one dimension?