Question 1

Which of the following is the correct pairing of psychologist to their work?

Accepted Answer

Munsterberg is best known for his work "On the Witness Stand," which focuses on the application of psychology to the legal system.

Answer: B
 Varendonck is known for his work "La Suggestibilite," which explores the concept of suggestibility and its impact on memory.

Answer: C
 Von Schrenck-Notzing is known for his work on hypnosis and the accuracy of recollection.

Answer: D
 Cattell is known for his work on intelligence testing.

Answer: E
 Wigmore is known for his work in criminal psychology and his contributions to the development of forensic science.

Question 2

Which scholar conducted some of the first experiments in eyewitness testimony in the U.S.examining memory for everyday events?

Accepted Answer

Cattell conducted some of the first experiments in eyewitness testimony in the United States, examining memory for everyday events.

Question 3

According to von Schrenck-Notzing,extensive pretrial press coverage could influence the testimony of people by causing what he called:

Accepted Answer

Von Schrenck-Notzing coined the term "retroactive memory falsification" to describe how pretrial publicity could alter witnesses' memories, causing them to confuse actual memories with information from media coverage.

Question 4

Which of the following individuals would be most interested to hear about research showing that child eyewitnesses can be highly inaccurate?

Accepted Answer

Varendonck was one of the early psychologists who studied the unreliability of child witnesses, making him most interested in research about inaccuracies in child eyewitness testimony.

Question 5

The following psychologist was the first to propose a tes theory of criminal behaviour:

Accepted Answer

Eysenck was the first psychologist to propose a test theory of criminal behavior. He developed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, which measures personality traits linked to criminal behavior such as impulsivity, neuroticism, and extraversion. Eysenck's theory suggests that individuals with a high level of extraversion and neuroticism are more likely to engage in criminal behavior due to their impulsivity and lack of emotional stability.

Question 6

According to Sheldon's (1949)constitutional theory,which of the following are most likely to become involved with crime?

Accepted Answer

According to Sheldon's constitutional theory, mesomorphs are most likely to become involved with crime. Sheldon believed that individuals with a mesomorphic body type, characterized by muscularity and athleticism, were more prone to risk-taking and sensation-seeking behaviors, including criminal activity. The other choices (A, C, D, and E) are not directly related to Sheldon's theory of constitutional types and crime.

Question 7

According to Eysenck,which of the following would be at risk for criminal behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Eysenck's theory suggests that individuals with high levels of extraversion and neuroticism are more at risk for criminal behavior due to their impulsivity and emotional instability.

Question 8

In his studies on suggestibility and testimony in children,Binet found that what type of technique lead to the most accurate recall?

Accepted Answer

Binet's studies showed that free recall (allowing the child to freely report what they remember without any specific prompts or leading questions) led to the most accurate recall in children. Highly misleading techniques would obviously lead to inaccurate recall, and mildly leading or prompted recall could still influence the child's memory and lead to some inaccuracies. Recognition, while useful in some contexts, was not found to be as effective as free recall in Binet's studies on suggestibility and testimony in children.

Question 9

According to Sutherland's (1939)differential association theory,crime is the result of?

Accepted Answer

According to differential association theory, crime is the result of learning from others through social interactions and communication. Criminal behavior is learned through a process of association with individuals who already engage in criminal behavior, which can include reinforcement, imitation, and modeling. This theory emphasizes the importance of social context and peer influence in the development of criminal behavior. Factors such as poverty, labelling, socio-economic strain, and personality traits may also contribute to criminal behavior, but they are not the primary focus of this theory.

Question 10

Which of the following psychologists would be most interested in the expert testimony provided by Varendonck in 1911?

Accepted Answer

Varendonck's expert testimony in 1911 was related to the accuracy of child eyewitnesses. Therefore, a psychologist interested in the accuracy of child eyewitnesses would be most interested in his testimony.

Question 11

Alfred Binet conducted a series of studies to examine how question style influenced the accuracy of child eyewitnesses.He found that:

Accepted Answer

Binet found that free recall resulted in the most accurate answers.

Question 12

John Bowlby's (1944)theory of crime suggests that the primary cause of antisocial behaviour is:

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby proposed that maternal deprivation during early childhood can lead to emotional and behavioural problems, including delinquency and criminal behaviour in later life. Thus, the primary cause of antisocial behaviour, according to Bowlby's theory, is maternal deprivation.

Question 13

The case of Brown v.Board of Education (1954)has been cited as a significant case in the development of psychology and the law.On what issue in this case did psychologists submit a brief to the Supreme Court?

Accepted Answer

Psychologists submitted a brief to the Supreme Court in the case of Brown v. Board of Education concerning the issue of prejudice and discrimination in the context of segregation in public schools. The brief provided scientific evidence on the harm of segregation and supported the argument that separate but equal was inherently unequal, leading to the landmark decision that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Question 14

Which of the following psychologists would be most interested in the expert testimony provided by von Schrenck-Notzing in 1896?

Accepted Answer

Von Schrenck-Notzing testified about the effects of pre-trial press coverage on witnesses' memories, arguing that media reports could contaminate their recollections.

Question 15

A researcher arranges for a confederate to enter his classroom,steal his wallet,and run out.The researcher then asks the students to provide a description of the "offender" in an effort to study eyewitness recall.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This scenario involves creating a real-life situation (a confederate stealing a wallet) in order to study eyewitness recall. Therefore, it is an example of a reality experiment.

Question 16

Which of the following is the correct pairing of psychologist to theory?

Accepted Answer

Akers is best paired with social learning theory, as he is known for his development of the social learning and social structure theory of crime. Sheldon is best known for his somatotype theory, not strain theory; Eysenck is best known for his personality theory, not chromosomal theory; Hirschi is best known for his social control theory, not biosocial theory; and Sutherland is best known for his differential association theory, not dyscontrol theory.

Question 17

Who is generally considered the father of forensic psychology?

Accepted Answer

Hugo Munsterberg is generally considered the father of forensic psychology. He was a German-American psychologist who wrote the influential book "On the Witness Stand" in 1908, which discussed the application of psychology to the legal system. He is credited with helping to establish forensic psychology as a field and set the foundation for its integration into the legal system.

Question 18

Which of the following theorists is most closely associated with labelling theories of crime?

Accepted Answer

Becker is most closely associated with labelling theories of crime, which suggest that individuals become deviant or criminalized as a result of being labelled as such by others in power. Merton is associated with strain theory, Sutherland with differential association theory, Bowlby with attachment theory, and Bandura with social learning theory.

Question 19

Stern's 1901 "reality experiment" involved a bogus quarrel between two students in which a gun was involved.Stern concluded that:

Accepted Answer

Stern's experiment focused on how emotional arousal influences the accuracy of recall.

Question 20

Place the following events in chronological order: 1-Cattell conducts some of the first experiments in North America on the psychology of testimony
2-APA recognizes forensic psychology as a specialty discipline
3-Hugo Munsterberg publishes On the Witness Stand
4-The U.S.Supreme courts lays out the Daubert criteria for determining when scientific evidence should be admitted in court

Accepted Answer

James McKeen Cattell's experiments on the psychology of testimony in the late 19th century were among the first of their kind in North America, marking an early point in the history of forensic psychology. Hugo Munsterberg's publication of "On the Witness Stand" in 1908 further contributed to the field by discussing the application of psychology to legal matters. The Daubert criteria, established by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1993, provided guidelines for the admissibility of expert testimony in court, reflecting the growing integration of psychology into the legal system. Finally, the American Psychological Association (APA) officially recognized forensic psychology as a specialty in 2001, acknowledging its established role and importance within both psychology and the legal system.

Quiz 1: A: An Introduction to Forensic Psychology