Question 1

Which of the following statements is true with respect to the cognitive interview and enhanced cognitive interview?
A)The enhanced cognitive interview incorporates all the elements of the cognitive interview.
B)Only some officers in Canada have been trained to use the cognitive interview.
C)No significant differences have been found between the effectiveness of the cognitive interview and that of the enhanced cognitive interview.
D)Compared to the standard police interview,the cognitive interview and enhanced cognitive interview produce more accurate information without an increase in inaccurate information.
E)all of the above

Accepted Answer

The enhanced cognitive interview indeed includes all elements of the cognitive interview, adding more social dynamics and communication techniques. It's also true that only some officers in Canada (and elsewhere) have been trained in these methods. Research has shown differences in effectiveness between the cognitive interview and the enhanced version, with the latter often being more effective due to its additional components. Both the cognitive and enhanced cognitive interviews have been shown to produce more accurate information compared to standard police interviews, without a corresponding increase in inaccurate information.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is not correct concerning the outcome of hypnosis?
A)More information is recalled.
B)Participants report relatively more accurate information and less inaccurate information.
C)Participants express a high degree of confidence in their memory reports.
D)It is not possible to determine which statements are erroneous and which are correct.
E)reinstating context,recalling,recognizing,and forgetting 
F)Age regression can be a technique used in hypnosis.

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis can lead to the recall of more information, but it often includes both accurate and inaccurate details. Participants may express high confidence in their memories, but it is difficult to discern which statements are true or false. Therefore, statement B is incorrect as hypnosis does not necessarily lead to more accurate information.

Question 3

What is the major implication of the studies conducted on the misinformation effect in eyewitness research?
A)Memory is like a videotape.
B)Witnesses yield to authority.
C)Memory is reconstructive.
D)Witnesses recall information accurately when under stress.
E)Memory typically gets better as witnesses get older.

Accepted Answer

The studies on the misinformation effect have shown that memory is not like a videotape, where one can replay the events exactly as they happened. Instead, memory is reconstructive and can be influenced by post-event information or misinformation. This has major implications for eyewitness research and the criminal justice system, as eyewitness testimony may not always be the most reliable form of evidence.

Question 4

Which component is not part of the enhanced cognitive interview?
A)rapport building
B)transfer of control
C)focused retrieval
D)direct questioning
E)witness-compatible questioning

Accepted Answer

Direct questioning is not part of the enhanced cognitive interview. The enhanced cognitive interview focuses on building rapport, transferring control to the interviewee, using focused retrieval techniques, and asking questions in a manner compatible with the witness's perspective, rather than relying on direct questioning.

Question 5

Which of the following would be considered an estimator variable in eyewitness research?
A)how light it was outside when the crime was witnessed
B)the room where the witness was interviewed
C)the number of police officers present during the interview
D)the time of day when the witness was interviewed
E)the type of lineup presented to the witness

Accepted Answer

Estimator variables are factors that are present at the time of the crime and cannot be controlled by the legal system, such as lighting conditions.

Question 6

Describing the actions of a culprit during a police interview relies on ______________,while identifying the culprit's voice from a set of voices relies on __________________.
A)narrative memory/refreshed memory
B)recall memory/recognition memory
C)natural memory/prompted memory
D)open-ended memory/direct question memory
E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Describing actions of a culprit during a police interview relies on recall memory, where the individual is prompted to recount events from memory. Identifying the culprit's voice from a set of voices relies on recognition memory, where the individual recognizes a voice they have previously heard before.

Question 7

What has not been identified as a limitation of the standard police interview?
A)asking brief,direct questions
B)mixing visual and auditory questions
C)asking questions in a random order
D)asking very broad questions
E)frequent interruptions

Accepted Answer

The answer of What has not been identified as a...

Question 8

Dr.Sander wants to conduct an experiment to examine whether memory is better for events that are witnessed versus events one is directly involved in.He sets up a staged event where participants arrive in groups of three to his study (one is a confederate),are asked to take out their wallets to show their photo ID,followed by the confederate who steals one participant's wallet and runs off down the hall.Both participants (the witness and the victim)are questioned by campus security separately about what happened,and asked to identify the suspect out of a photo lineup. In this example,the dependent variable is:
A)What the confederate stole from the participant
B)Whether the memory is reported by a victim or a witness
C)How the participants were interviewed about the "crime"
D)Whether there were differences in correct or false identifications
E)How much information the participants reported

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable in this experiment is the accuracy of identification, specifically whether there are differences in correct or false identifications between the witness and victim groups. The other choices are not directly related to the dependent variable being measured.

Question 9

A witness who is testifying about what she remembers during a convenience store robbery is using what type of memory?
A)Repressed memory
B)Recognition memory
C)Recall memory
D)Refreshed memory
E)Reinstated memory

Accepted Answer

The witness is being asked to remember and describe details about a past event, which involves recall memory. Repressed memory involves the inability to access memories due to psychological defense mechanisms, recognition memory involves the ability to recognize a previously encountered stimulus or item, refreshed memory is not a recognized term in memory research, and reinstated memory refers to a controversial technique of attempting to bring back repressed memories.

Question 10

Officer Newton has interviewed multiple witnesses in the same day in an ongoing murder investigation with multiple perpetrators.Witness 2 told him that one perpetrator had a scar on the left side of his face,yet in reality there was no scar on any of the suspects.When interviewing Witness 5 later,Officer Newton asks "was the perpetrator with the scar carrying a weapon?" The manner in which Officer Newton is questioning the witnesses demonstrates:
A)the cognitive interview technique
B)recognition memory
C)context reinstatement
D)the post-event information effect
E)memory conformity

Accepted Answer

Officer Newton's question introduces information (the scar) that wasn't actually observed by the witnesses, which can influence their memory of the event. This is known as the post-event information effect, where new information introduced after an event can alter a witness's memory of the event.

Question 11

Which of the following would be considered a system variable in eyewitness research?
A)whether the witness is intoxicated at the time of the offence
B)the age of the witness
C)the type of weapon used by the culprit
D)the interview procedure used by the police officer
E)the time at which the crime was committed

Accepted Answer

System variables in eyewitness research are those aspects that the legal system can control, such as the interview procedures used by police officers. Variables like witness intoxication, age, weapon type, and crime time are considered estimator variables, which are not under the control of the legal system.

Question 12

The belief that the misinformation effect results from a confusion between the accurate original memory and the inaccurate memory (as they can remember both but can't remember where each memory came from)is referred to as:
A)the encoding rejection hypothesis
B)the source misattribution hypothesis
C)the memory impairment hypothesis
D)the misinformation acceptance hypothesis
E)the reconstructive memory hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The belief that the misinformation effect results from a confusion between the accurate original memory and the inaccurate memory is referred to as the source misattribution hypothesis. The other options are not relevant to this specific belief about the cause of the misinformation effect.

Question 13

Dr.Sander wants to conduct an experiment to examine whether memory is better for events that are witnessed versus events one is directly involved in (i.e.,the victim).He sets up a staged event where participants arrive in groups of three to his study (one is a confederate),are asked to take out their wallets to show their photo ID,followed by the confederate who steals one participant's wallet and runs off down the hall.Both participants (the witness and the victim)are questioned by campus security separately about what happened,and asked to identify the suspect out of a photo lineup. In this example,the independent variable is:
A)What the confederate stole from the participant
B)Whether the memory is reported by a victim or a witness
C)How the participants were interviewed about the "crime"
D)Whether there were differences in correct or false identifications
E)How much information the participants reported

Accepted Answer

The independent variable, which is the variable being manipulated or changed in the experiment, is whether the memory is reported by a victim or a witness. This is what the experimenter wants to investigate and compare. The other options are either not being manipulated or are a dependent variable that is being measured as an outcome of the experiment.

Question 14

___________ is a phenomenon produced when what one witness says about a crime can affect what another witness will say,if those witnesses communicate with one another or come to learn what the other has reported.
A)The misinformation effect
B)The instructional bias
C)Memory conformity
D)Refreshed memory
E)The distractor bias

Accepted Answer

Memory conformity refers to the phenomenon where the inaccurate recall of one witness can influence the recall of another witness who communicates with the first witness or is aware of their testimony. This can result in both witnesses providing similar incorrect information, leading to distortions in the overall account of the event. The other options listed are not directly related to this phenomenon.

Question 15

What is the most common research method for studying eyewitness issues?
A)field study
B)archival research
C)laboratory simulation study
D)recall study
E)recognition study

Accepted Answer

The most common research method for studying eyewitness issues is laboratory simulation study. This involves creating a controlled environment in which participants are asked to recall or recognize information about an event they have witnessed. This method allows researchers to manipulate variables and control extraneous factors in order to better understand the factors that affect eyewitness memory.

Question 16

Which of the following is not one of the legislative changes proposed in the Safer Witnesses Act in 2012?
A)Making it easier for witnesses in provincial programs to obtain new identities.
B)Increasing the amount of time emergency protection may be provided to witnesses.
C)Making the program available to members referred from National Defence and CSIS.
D)Imposing new restrictions on the disclosure of information to make the program more secure.
E)Implementation of more rigorous screening and personality testing procedures to assure selection of sui candidates.

Accepted Answer

The Safer Witnesses Act in 2012 did not propose implementation of more rigorous screening and personality testing procedures to assure selection of sui candidates. The other options were proposed legislative changes in the act.

Question 17

What is another term for the misinformation effect?
A)post-event information effect
B)free narrative effect
C)direct question recall
D)open-ended recall
E)closed ended recall effect

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect is also known as the post-event information effect, as it refers to the way in which additional information presented after an event can alter an individual's memory of the original event. The other answer choices are not alternative terms for the misinformation effect.

Question 18

The belief that the misinformation effect results from instances where the original memory is replaced with a new,incorrect memory is referred to as:
A)the encoding rejection hypothesis
B)the source misattribution hypothesis
C)the memory impairment hypothesis
D)the misinformation acceptance hypothesis
E)the reconstructive memory hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The memory impairment hypothesis suggests that the misinformation effect occurs because the original memory is replaced with new, incorrect information, impairing the original memory.

Question 19

On what four memory-retrieval techniques is the cognitive interview based?
A)reinstating context,reporting everything,reversing order,and changing perspective
B)reinstating context,recalling,recognizing,and answering questions
C)encoding,short-term memory,long-term memory,and retrieving
D)encoding,storing,retrieving,and forgetting
E)reinstating context,recalling,recognizing,and forgetting

Accepted Answer

The cognitive interview is based on four memory-retrieval techniques: reinstating context, reporting everything, reversing order, and changing perspective. These techniques aim to enhance the accuracy and completeness of eyewitness testimony by encouraging the witness to mentally reinstate the context of the event, report all details they can remember, recall the event in different orders, and view the event from different perspectives.

Question 20

A witness is on the stand and says "that's the man who did it" as she points to the defendant.What type of memory is she using in this judgment?
A)Repressed memory
B)Recognition memory
C)Recall memory
D)Refreshed memory
E)Reinstated memory

Accepted Answer

The witness is using recognition memory to make the judgment that the defendant is the person who committed the offense. Recognition memory is the ability to recognize or identify previously encountered stimuli or events.

Quiz 5: A: Eyewitness Testimony

Which of the following statements is true with respect to the cognitive interview and enhanced cognitive interview?

Which of the following statements is not correct concerning the outcome of hypnosis?

What is the major implication of the studies conducted on the misinformation effect in eyewitness research?

Which component is not part of the enhanced cognitive interview?

Which of the following would be considered an estimator variable in eyewitness research?

Describing the actions of a culprit during a police interview relies on ,while identifying the culprit's voice from a set of voices relies on ____.

What has not been identified as a limitation of the standard police interview?

A witness who is testifying about what she remembers during a convenience store robbery is using what type of memory?

Which of the following would be considered a system variable in eyewitness research?

The belief that the misinformation effect results from a confusion between the accurate original memory and the inaccurate memory (as they can remember both but can't remember where each memory came from) is referred to as:

___________ is a phenomenon produced when what one witness says about a crime can affect what another witness will say,if those witnesses communicate with one another or come to learn what the other has reported.

What is the most common research method for studying eyewitness issues?

Which of the following is not one of the legislative changes proposed in the Safer Witnesses Act in 2012?

What is another term for the misinformation effect?

The belief that the misinformation effect results from instances where the original memory is replaced with a new,incorrect memory is referred to as:

On what four memory-retrieval techniques is the cognitive interview based?

A witness is on the stand and says "that's the man who did it" as she points to the defendant.What type of memory is she using in this judgment?