Question 1

A teacher wants to use the concept of self-efficacy when she teaches her class on condom use.Which activity should she incorporate?

Accepted Answer

Having each of the students practice putting a condom on a dildo is the best choice because it will give the students hands-on experience and practice with the skill of using a condom, which can help build their sense of self-efficacy. This activity will also provide an opportunity for the teacher to observe and provide feedback to the students, which can also help build their self-efficacy.

Question 2

A woman who constantly smokes cigarettes and chews gum would be said to be fixated at the:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, the oral stage occurs from birth to 18 months, during which a child seeks pleasure through their mouth, such as sucking, biting, and chewing. If an individual fixates at this stage, they may develop habits such as smoking and gum chewing, which provide oral stimulation and satisfy their needs from this stage of development. Therefore, the best choice is C) oral stage.

Question 3

Young boys living in Melanesia are forced to perform fellatio on an enemy boy in the dark after being exhausted in initiation rites.This reduces the erotic effects of homosexual behaviour and is an example of

Accepted Answer

The practice of performing fellatio on an enemy boy in the dark after exhaustion in initiation rites is an example of aversion conditioning, as it aims to reduce the potential for erotic effects of homosexual behavior by associating it with a negative experience. It is not a case of observational learning, as the boys are not simply learning the behavior by observing others, nor is it cognitive restructuring, as there is no evidence of a deliberate effort to alter the boys' thought patterns. While imitation may play a role in the initiation rites, it is not specific to this particular aspect of the ritual and does not fully capture the complexity of the practice. Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 4

Using learning theory terminology presented in the text,the negative experience of contracting a sexually transmitted disease following sexual intercourse would be called a(n)

Accepted Answer

This would be an example of punishment, which is a consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated in the future. In this case, the negative experience of contracting a sexually transmitted disease would serve as a punishment and decrease the likelihood of engaging in unprotected sexual activity in the future. Positive reinforcement involves adding something desirable to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, negative reinforcement involves removing something undesirable to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, and operant refers to any behavior that can be modified through consequences.

Question 5

Freudian psychoanalysts believe development ___________ whereas modern psychoanalysts believe development _______________.

Accepted Answer

Freudian psychoanalysts argue that personality development is largely completed by adolescence, while modern psychoanalysts and psychologists believe that development continues throughout the lifespan, reflecting a more dynamic view of human growth and change.

Question 6

What are the two main concepts of social learning theory?

Accepted Answer

The two main concepts of social learning theory are identification and imitation. Identification refers to the process of observing and modeling the behavior of others, while imitation involves replicating observed behaviors. The theory suggests that people learn through observation, modeling, and imitation of others.

Question 7

At around two years old,parents typically potty train their children.In Freud's view,this behaviour is an example of what stage of development?

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychosexual development theory, the anal stage occurs from about 18 months to three years old. During this stage, children gain control over their bowels and bladder and become aware of the pleasure of holding in and releasing feces. Potty training is a significant milestone during this stage, as children learn to control their bodily functions and follow rules and expectations set by their caregivers. Therefore, the best choice is D) anal stage.

Question 8

Jody's first serious girlfriend often would wear lycra workout shorts when "serious" sexual intimacies were on the agenda in the back seat of his car.Now whenever he sees a female attired in the same way,he feels sexually aroused.Jody's reaction is an example of

Accepted Answer

Jody's reaction is a classic example of classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (lycra workout shorts) becomes associated with a conditioned response (sexual arousal) through repeated pairings with an unconditioned response (sexual pleasure).

Question 9

Because stimulation of the clitoris and stimulation of the penis is automatically pleasurable,the sexual pleasure derived from such stimulation is classified as a(n)

Accepted Answer

An unconditioned response is an automatic response to a stimulus, such as the pleasurable sensations that occur when the clitoris or penis is stimulated. Conditioning is not necessary for this response to occur.

Question 10

A therapist uses a schedule of immediate rewards and punishments for appropriate and inappropriate sexual arousal to images on a screen.What type of therapy is the therapist using?

Accepted Answer

The therapist is using a schedule of immediate rewards and punishments, which is a characteristic of behavior therapy. This type of therapy focuses on changing behavior through reinforcement and punishment.

Question 11

Which of the following is most consistent with operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning is a type of learning that occurs when a behavior is reinforced or punished. In this case, the child is masturbating even though they know they will be punished if they are caught. This is an example of negative reinforcement, where a behavior is increased because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

Question 12

Food is a __________ reinforcer,and sex is a ________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

Food and sex are both primary reinforcers, which means they are naturally rewarding without requiring any prior conditioning. It is important to note that while sex can be conditioned in some contexts (such as becoming associated with certain locations or stimuli), it is primarily a primary reinforcer. Therefore, the best choice is A, which correctly identifies both food and sex as primary reinforcers.

Question 13

Imagine that you have learned to become aroused to your partner's cologne or perfume.In conditioning terms,the cologne or perfume would be referred to as a(n)

Accepted Answer

The cologne or perfume is being paired with the arousal response, so it becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the response. Therefore, the correct term for it is a conditioned stimulus.

Question 14

One of the principles of operant conditioning is the delay factor where punishment is not very effective in stopping the behaviour.This principle can be seen in

Accepted Answer

The principle of delay factor is demonstrated in choice C, where punishment (the negative consequence of contracting Chlamydia) does not effectively stop the behavior (continuing to engage in unprotected oral sex). This is likely due to the delay in time between engaging in the behavior and experiencing the negative consequence, which weakens the association between the behavior and the punishment. Choices A, B, and D do not relate to the delay factor principle of operant conditioning.

Question 15

Which is NOT one of Freud's important contributions to sexuality?

Accepted Answer

The identification of the latency period of childhood is actually one of Freud's important contributions to sexuality, so it is not the correct answer. A, B, and C are all true statements about Freud's contributions to sexuality.

Question 16

The theorists/researchers who believe that all or almost all of our adult sexual behaviour is determined by our childhood experiences use which of the following approaches?

Accepted Answer

The psychoanalytic approach believes that all or almost all of our adult sexual behavior is determined by our childhood experiences. This approach was developed by Sigmund Freud and his followers, who believed that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences shape individual personality and behavior, including sexual behavior. Thus, the psychoanalytic approach is the best choice for this question.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a feminist critique of how Freud viewed women's psychosocial development?

Accepted Answer

Freud's theories have been critiqued by feminists for suggesting that women are inferior due to penis envy and for valuing vaginal orgasms over clitoral ones. However, the idea that women are the source of boys' Oedipus complex is not a feminist critique of Freud's views on women's development.

Question 18

What is one of the main criticisms of Freud's work?

Accepted Answer

One of the main criticisms of Freud's work is that his data almost exclusively came from his work with patients who sought therapy from him, which was not representative of the general population. This limited his ability to generalize his findings to the general population.

Question 19

In Freudian terms,a child who steals a cookie from the jar and then feels guilty has a

Accepted Answer

According to Freudian theory, the superego is the part of the psyche that represents the internalization of societal and parental values, norms, and ideals. It is responsible for regulating and controlling one's impulses and instincts, and for enforcing moral standards and ethical behavior. A strong superego will create feelings of guilt and shame when one violates these standards or fails to live up to these ideals. Therefore, a child who steals a cookie and then feels guilty has a strong superego that is holding them accountable for their actions.

Question 20

Neuropsychoanalysis research has provided support for Freud's theories by showing that

Accepted Answer

Neuropsychoanalysis research has shown that parts of the limbic system, such as the amygdala and hippocampus, are active during strange dreams, which supports Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious desires and emotions.

Quiz 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Sexuality