Question 1

Following the attachment and invasion of a microorganism,in order to be classified as a disease the microorganism must be capable of:

Accepted Answer

An infection or multiplication of an organism may be localized to a small area causing discomfort and inflammation.The formation of a disease indicates that not only has the organism caused an infection but is also capable of multiplication and growth and disseminating to deeper tissues causing an extensive damage to the host.

Question 2

IgG is the:

Accepted Answer

Each of the five different classes of antibodies has its distinctive molecular configuration and is involved in the immune reaction in a different way.IgG is the most abundant and is the second antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered.

Question 3

This material provides a mechanism for the maintenance of normal human skin that prevents drying and also is involved in the production of an acid pH to prevent the colonization of potentially pathogenic organisms.

Accepted Answer

Sebum is a material that is secreted from the oil glands of the skin that consists of long-chain fatty acids.Fatty acids not only provide a mechanism to maintain pliability and moisture in the skin to prevent cracking and deterioration,but also produce a lower pH that prevents the colonization of the skin by potentially pathogenic organisms.

Question 4

An individual whose resident normal microbiota overgrows the other indigenous organisms resulting in disease may be a result of:

Accepted Answer

All of these scenarios could lead to the imbalance in the resident normal microbiota of the human indigenous flora and result in the development of infection or disease.In addition to overgrowth by a particular organism due to successful antibiotic treatment and exposure to disease causing organisms,underlying diseases can also make a host more susceptible to infection by organisms that are normally kept under control by the nonspecific immune response.

Question 5

IgE is the:

Accepted Answer

Each of the five different classes of antibodies has its distinctive molecular configuration and is involved in the immune reaction in a different way.IgE is usually elevated in a parasitic infection.

Question 6

The digestive system is considered a natural nonspecific defense system against microorganisms as a result of:

Accepted Answer

The digestive system consists of several factors that assist in the nonspecific elimination of a variety of infectious agents.These include chewing,digestive enzymes included in the saliva and the stomach as well as the physical nature of peristalsis that prevents the organisms from attaching to the mucosal surface and preventing attachment and invasion.

Question 7

The major cells that function in the nonspecific immune response for the defense against microorganisms are:

Accepted Answer

Polymorphonuclear cells or PMNS are considered the first responders and are nonspecific phagocytes that are located throughout the human body.They are capable of ingesting and destroying a wide variety of pathogenic organisms.

Question 8

Pathogens are able to produce enzymes that directly destroy or inactivate antibodies.These enzymes are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Antibodies are classified as proteins,and proteases are enzymes that break down proteins.

Question 9

The human body is colonized by a variety of bacteria that reside in very specific sites or anatomical locations throughout.These organisms are classified as:

Accepted Answer

The human body is colonized with a variety of beneficial microorganisms that not only protect the host form infection but also actually may assist in maintaining a normal healthy environment for the human host.

Question 10

IgM is the:

Accepted Answer

Each of the five different classes of antibodies has its distinctive molecular configuration and is involved in the immune reaction in a different way.IgM is the first antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered.

Question 11

Any microorganism capable of causing infection is considered:

Accepted Answer

Pathogenesis is described as the ability of an organism to cause an infection and damage to the host.

Question 12

Botulism and tetanus have the ability to interfere with neuromuscular functions.The toxins they produce are classified as:

Accepted Answer

Botulism and tetanus cause a disruption in neuromuscular function by secreting exotoxins into the surrounding environment.

Question 13

An outbreak of severe diarrhea occurs in an intensive care wing of a major hospital.As a result,the patients are all screened for colonization and infection by the pathogenic organism.However,not all of the patients identified carrying the organism by phenotypic identification and characterization are displaying symptoms of infection.The reason for this discrepancy is:

Accepted Answer

Many virulence genes are harbored on plasmids or transposons and may be transferred to other bacteria within the same or different genera and species.This transfer can result in recombination resulting in some strains of the same species of organism containing different physiologic characteristics including the existence of virulence factors such as exotoxins.

Question 14

Pathogenic organisms are transmitted through a variety of routes including all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

The action of eating is not the means of transmission,it is the ingestion of contaminated food.

Quiz 3: Host-Microorganism Interactions