Question 1

The propinquity theory holds that our value system consciously and unconsciously guides us in selecting a mate.

Accepted Answer

Propinquity theory suggests that people form relationships with those they encounter frequently, emphasizing physical proximity as a key factor in relationship formation rather than the influence of a value system on mate selection.

Question 2

The following model of organizational behavior emphasizes the importance of identifying the best worker for each job and then studying how he or she effectively and efficiently does the work:

Accepted Answer

The description given matches the principles of scientific management, which involves finding the most efficient way for a worker to perform a task through observation and analysis, and then training workers to follow that method.

Question 3

One characteristic of romantic love,as opposed to rational love,is that romantic love thrives on a certain amount of distance.

Accepted Answer

Romantic love often involves a desire for closeness and intimacy, but maintaining some degree of distance can increase desire and anticipation, which can be a key aspect of romantic love. In contrast, rational love tends to be more practical and based on shared values and goals, and may not involve the same romantic or emotional intensity as romantic love.

Question 4

Functionalism views the cultural lag between technological changes and our adaptation to them as one of the major sources of social disorganization.

Accepted Answer

This is true according to functionalism, which argues that when technological advancements occur faster than society's ability to adjust to them, it can lead to social disorganization and instability. This is known as cultural lag.

Question 5

The following is a basic tenet of the human relations approach to organizational behavior:

Accepted Answer

The human relations approach emphasizes the importance of non-monetary rewards and sanctions in shaping behavior, and suggests that economic incentives alone are not sufficient to motivate workers. This approach also recognizes the importance of social norms and group dynamics in influencing employee behavior, which contrasts with option C. Option A is incorrect because the human relations approach does not focus solely on physiological capacities, but rather recognizes the importance of social and psychological factors as well. Option D is incorrect because the role of leadership is seen as significant in shaping social factors within organizations according to this approach.

Question 6

The plateau stage of parenting occurs after the birth of the first child and lasts for a few months.

Accepted Answer

The plateau stage of parenting refers to the period of relative stability and routine that occurs after the initial adjustment period following the birth of a child. This stage can last anywhere from several months to several years, depending on the individual family and child. It does not specifically refer to the time period after the birth of the first child.

Question 7

Conflict theory views social change as potentially beneficial to society.

Accepted Answer

Conflict theory believes that social change can bring about positive change in society by challenging power structures and promoting greater equality and justice. Therefore, it views social change as potentially beneficial to society.

Question 8

One of the factors for marital happiness is if you feel you are more intelligent than your spouse.

Accepted Answer

Intelligence or perceived intelligence should not be a factor for marital happiness, as this can lead to feelings of superiority and resentment, causing issues in the relationship. A successful and happy marriage involves mutual respect, equality, and understanding, regardless of academic or intellectual abilities.

Question 9

In the following model of organizational behavior,the workers' role is obedience to management:

Accepted Answer

The autocratic model emphasizes a hierarchical structure in which the manager has complete control and authority over the subordinates, and the workers' role is obedience and compliance to the manager's orders. This model tends to be authoritarian and does not provide opportunities for worker autonomy or participation in decision-making.

Question 10

The following theory of organizational behavior asserts customer satisfaction is the main purpose of the organization:

Accepted Answer

Total quality management (TQM) asserts that customer satisfaction is the main purpose of the organization. TQM is a philosophy that involves everyone in the organization working together to improve processes, products, services, and the culture of the organization to achieve customer satisfaction. The other theories listed do not specifically focus on customer satisfaction as the main purpose of the organization. The autocratic model emphasizes top-down decision making, Theory X assumes employees are lazy and need to be closely monitored, and Theory Z focuses on building strong relationships between employees and the organization.

Question 11

In most countries parents prefer girls rather than boys.

Accepted Answer

This statement is not true in most countries. While there are some cultures where preference for sons is prominent, there are also cultures where daughters are preferred or where there is no preference for gender at all. It ultimately varies by country and cultural background.

Question 12

Theory X approach to organizational behavior is most consistent with the following model:

Accepted Answer

Theory X is based on the assumption that individuals are inherently lazy and need to be coerced or controlled to work. This approach is most consistent with the autocratic model, where power and control are centralized in the hands of the management.

Question 13

The following theorist played a prominent role in developing total quality management (TQM):

Accepted Answer

W. Edwards Deming is known as the "father of quality control" and his work developing TQM principles had a significant impact on the field of management and quality control. His ideas on statistical process control and continuous improvement were influential in the development of TQM as a management approach.

Question 14

Social disorganization occurs when a large organization or an entire society is imperfectly organized to achieve its goals and maintain its stability.

Accepted Answer

Social disorganization refers to a situation where there is a breakdown in the social structure and organization in a community or society, leading to various problems such as crime, poverty, and inequality. This can happen due to various factors such as economic upheavals, political instability, weak institutions, and breakdown of social norms and values. Social disorganization can have significant negative consequences on the well-being of individuals and the functioning of society as a whole.

Question 15

The following model of organizational behavior emphasizes the team concept:

Accepted Answer

The collegial model of organizational behavior emphasizes the importance of teamwork, collaboration, and mutual support among employees. This model promotes a participative approach to decision-making and values individual contributions to group goals. In contrast, the autocratic, custodial, and scientific management models emphasize hierarchical control, external rewards and punishments, and standardization of work processes, respectively.

Question 16

Micro system theories of society and its problems seek to make sense of the behavior of large groups of people and the workers of entire societies.

Accepted Answer

Micro system theories focus on individual behavior and interactions within small groups, whereas macro system theories are concerned with larger social structures and institutions. Therefore, micro system theories do not seek to explain the behavior of entire societies.

Question 17

The following value orientation places primary value on the utility of things and practical uses of knowledge:

Accepted Answer

The economic value orientation prioritizes the usefulness and practicality of goods and knowledge, making it the best choice for this question.

Question 18

Theory Y managers:

Accepted Answer

Theory Y managers believe that employees are intrinsically motivated, have ambition and drive, and will take ownership of their work. They view mistakes and errors as opportunities for learning and growth, rather than something to be punished or avoided.

Question 19

According to conflict theory,all social systems have a tendency toward equilibrium-maintenance of a steady state or particular balance in which the parts of the system remain in the same relationship to one another.

Accepted Answer

According to conflict theory, social systems are characterized by a constant struggle between different groups and classes who have conflicting interests, rather than a tendency towards equilibrium. Conflict theory suggests that change and instability are fundamental features of social systems, and that these arise from the competition and conflict between different groups. Therefore, rather than seeking equilibrium, conflict theory emphasizes the importance of social change and transformation as a means of addressing inequalities and social injustices.

Question 20

The following is true about liberalism:

Accepted Answer

Choice A is incorrect as the Republican Party is considered relatively conservative. Choice B is incorrect as liberals believe in government regulation to prevent exploitation and ensure fair competition. Choice C is incorrect as liberals generally advocate for more comprehensive social welfare programs. Choice D is correct as liberals typically recognize the role of systemic issues like poverty, discrimination, and access to healthcare in hindering individual success.

Quiz 12: Sociological Aspects of Young and Middle Adulthood