Question 1

Rothbart and the New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) each described a set of dimensions that each, respectively, fully describe temperament.

Accepted Answer

Rothbart and the New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) both identified several dimensions that together fully describe temperament.

Question 2

Freud's psychosexual stage theory contains both an oral and anal stage of development.

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychosexual stage theory includes an oral stage during infancy, followed by an anal stage during early childhood, among other stages of development.

Question 3

_________ is the return to the ________ stage later in life shown through obsessive personality issues.

Accepted Answer

Anal fixation refers to the psychosexual stage in which an individual's pleasure is derived from bowel movements and control over their bodily excretions. If an individual becomes fixated at this stage, they may develop an obsessive personality that is characterized by traits such as perfectionism, orderliness, and rigid control. This suggests that they have returned to the anal stage later in life. The return to the oral stage would result in characteristics such as dependency and passivity. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.

Question 4

Sylvia prides herself on being neat, orderly, and controlled. Her brother, Gustav, knows himself to be messy, creative, and emotionally wild. Based on these two extremes, we can assume that both have:

Accepted Answer

According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, individuals who are particularly neat, orderly, and controlled, as well as those who are considered messy and exhibit a lack of control, may be described as having an anal fixation. This concept arises from Freud's stages of psychosexual development, specifically the anal stage, where the focus is on bowel and bladder elimination, and coping with demands for control.

Question 5

There are three patterns of temperament: easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. These three patterns of temperament are identified and described in the field of psychology, particularly in the study of child development.

Question 6

Joe is quite often irritable and fussy. His parents observe that he does not do well in new situations, and they complain that he has irregular patterns of eating and sleeping. A developmentalist is likely to conclude that Joe has a(n)__________ temperament.

Accepted Answer

Joe's irritability, fussiness, difficulty with new situations, and irregular patterns of eating and sleeping are all symptoms of a difficult temperament.

Question 7

Freud believed that the ______ was developed during the oral stage and the _______ during the anal stage.

Accepted Answer

Freud theorized that the id is present from birth and the ego begins to develop during the oral stage (first stage) to help the individual interact with the real world. The ego continues to develop and is followed by the development of the superego during the anal stage (second stage), which introduces the concepts of moral and ethical judgment. However, the correct pairing as per Freud's theory of psychosexual development stages and the development of the psychic apparatus (id, ego, superego) is not listed as an option here, indicating a mistake in the question or answer choices. The correct development sequence according to Freud is that the id is present from birth, the ego develops during the oral stage, and the superego during the phallic stage, not the anal stage as suggested by the options provided. Therefore, based on the options given, C is the closest match, but it inaccurately represents Freud's theory by suggesting the ego develops during the oral stage and the superego during the anal stage, which is a misinterpretation.

Question 8

The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial stage theory, _________________, is successfully resolved when the individual develops the understanding that the environment will meet his or her needs.

Accepted Answer

The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial stage theory is trust versus mistrust. This stage is resolved successfully when the individual develops the understanding that the environment will meet his or her needs. Infants and young children rely on their caregivers to provide for their needs, and if their needs are consistently met, they develop a sense of trust in the world around them. If their needs are not met, they may develop a sense of mistrust and become anxious or mistrustful of others.

Question 9

Jeffery and Molly are concerned that their son Marcus is still sucking his thumb at 5 years of age. They are more concerned that Marcus will, in fact, put anything in his mouth. Based on his behavior, we can say that Marcus has a(n):

Accepted Answer

Marcus's behavior of sucking his thumb and tendency to put things in his mouth suggests an oral fixation. An oral fixation is a psychoanalytic term used to describe someone who has an excessive preoccupation with the mouth, stemming from early childhood experiences, such as insufficient or over-stimulated feeding.

Question 10

Erikson proposed that autonomy versus shame/doubt is the primary developmental task of infancy.

Accepted Answer

Erikson proposed that autonomy versus shame/doubt is the primary developmental task of early childhood, not infancy. In infancy, the primary developmental task is trust versus mistrust.

Question 11

Freud posited a psychosexual stage theory for normal child and adolescent development.

Accepted Answer

Freud did indeed propose a psychosexual stage theory for normal child and adolescent development, which included stages like the oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages.

Question 12

Margo's parents describe her as a "good" baby. They view her as always happy; they understand her to be a baby who can easily adapt to new situations; and they recognize that she has regular patterns of eating and sleeping. Based on this description, a developmentalist would describe Margo as having a(n) _______________ temperament.

Accepted Answer

Margo's regular patterns of eating and sleeping, as well as her ability to easily adapt to new situations, suggest that she has an easy temperament.

Question 13

The dimension of infant temperament defined by low shyness, smiling, and activity level is known as:

Accepted Answer

The dimension of infant temperament defined by low shyness, smiling, and activity level is known as extraversion/surgency. This dimension is characterized by positive emotions, high activity level, and sociability. It includes behaviors such as approaching people, smiling, and being easily amused.

Question 14

Julie and James have a new son, Charles. When the baby cries during the day, Julie and James are able to soothe and comfort him. However, at night they are both very tired. They have chosen to let Charles "cry it out." The new parents are concerned that they may be undermining his healthy development, so the pediatrician tells them that they should focus on the baby developing __________________, the strength he should be developing at this stage.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Julie and James have a new son,...

Question 15

Biologically based individual differences that determine variation in the way individuals respond to the environment references the role of temperament.?

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to biologically based individual differences in emotional reactivity, activity level, and self-regulation that are present from birth and determine how individuals respond to the environment.

Question 16

___________ is successfully resolved when the toddler begins to understand self-control through achievements

Accepted Answer

Autonomy versus shame/doubt is successfully resolved when toddlers begin to understand self-control through achievements. This stage, according to Erik Erikson's theory, occurs between ages one and three, where toddlers learn to be independent and assert their will. If they are successful and receive positive reinforcement, they develop autonomy and confidence, but if they are criticized or punished, they can develop shame and doubt about their abilities.

Question 17

An infant's tendency to react with inhibitory control, attention control, low-intensity pleasure, and perpetual activity would be described as high on:

Accepted Answer

These characteristics describe a child with high levels of effortful control, which involves the ability to regulate one's behavior, emotions, and attention in order to achieve a goal or meet a demand. This is often associated with positive outcomes such as social adjustment, academic success, and emotional well-being. Negative affectivity, on the other hand, refers to a tendency to experience negative emotions such as fear, anger, and sadness, while extraversion/surgency involves high levels of activity, impulsivity, and positive affect. Neither of these constructs fully captures the range of behaviors described in the question.

Question 18

The return to the ________ stage later in life, through actions such as smoking, is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

The correct term is "oral fixation," which refers to an individual's return to behaviors associated with the oral stage of psychosexual development, such as smoking. This concept is rooted in Freudian psychology.

Question 19

The dimension of temperament that describes a tendency toward fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort is:

Accepted Answer

Negative affectivity refers to a dimension of temperament that reflects how much an individual experiences negative emotions such as fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort. It is also known as neuroticism or emotional instability.

Question 20

Janine is a toddler; she increasingly wants to do tasks "on own." Based on her behavior, we can say that Janine is working on resolving:

Accepted Answer

Janine wanting to do tasks "on own" is a sign of her developing autonomy, which is a key aspect of Erik Erikson's autonomy versus shame/doubt stage of psychosocial development in toddlers. During this stage, toddlers strive to have more control over their lives and surroundings, which can lead to feelings of either autonomy or doubt/shame in their abilities.

Quiz 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy: The First Two Years