Question 1

Developmentalists continue to debate which emotions are primary emotions and which are secondary. However, there is general agreement that emotions are best measured and assessed by making observations of:

Accepted Answer

Facial expressions are widely considered to be a reliable indicator of a person's emotional state, making them the best choice for measuring and assessing emotions. Vocal tone and tension may also provide some insight but are not as universally accepted or accurate as facial expressions. Facial tension is not commonly used to assess emotions.

Question 2

Between 6 and 12 months of age, infants become increasingly social and interactive.

Accepted Answer

During the period between 6 and 12 months of age, infants go through a phase of social development where they become more social, interactive and communicative with others. They begin to engage in joint attention and turn-taking behaviors, express emotions and show a preference for social stimuli. Thus, the statement is true.

Question 3

Baby Consuelo often acts differently than other 6-month-old babies. For example, when his mom covers her ears and looks sad at the funeral, Consuelo is happy and giggling and smiling. Based on this description, we can hypothesize that he may be demonstrating delayed or impaired capacity for:

Accepted Answer

Social referencing is the process by which infants look to their caregivers for cues on how to feel and behave in unfamiliar or ambiguous situations. Consuelo's behavior at the funeral, where he does not mirror his mother's sad expression and instead remains happy and giggling, suggests a difficulty in using social cues from his mother to guide his emotional responses, indicating a potential delay or impairment in social referencing.

Question 4

Via social referencing, Maggie recognizes that her mom is scared to go into a haunted house. From this experience, a developmentalist would predict that Maggie will be__________ about going in to the haunted house.

Accepted Answer

Social referencing is a process by which infants and young children look to the emotional reactions of others to determine how to respond to a situation. In this case, Maggie's mom is scared to go into the haunted house, so Maggie will likely be cautious about going in herself.

Question 5

Most researchers suggest that social awareness doesn't emerge until after the second year of life.

Accepted Answer

Social awareness begins to develop much earlier; infants start to show preferences for social stimuli (like faces and voices) and engage in social interactions within the first few months of life.

Question 6

An emotion that emerges with the help of certain cognitive and social developments is known as a:

Accepted Answer

A secondary emotion is an emotion that only emerges after the development of certain cognitive and social skills, such as self-awareness and empathy. Examples include guilt and shame, which require an understanding of social norms and expectations. Primary emotions, on the other hand, are basic emotions that emerge early in infancy and do not require cognitive or social development, such as happiness and anger. Social smile is a developmental milestone in infants, and basic emotion refers to the innate and universal emotions experienced by all humans, such as joy and sadness.

Question 7

_____________ is an example of a primary emotion.

Accepted Answer

All of the emotions listed (Sadness, Fear, and Joy) are considered primary emotions. Primary emotions are considered basic or universal emotions that are experienced across different cultures and are believed to be biologically based.

Question 8

Julia is talking to her friend Mark. When Mark tells her that he is sad because his goldfish died, Julia finds herself responding to his sadness with similar feelings. Julia is experiencing:

Accepted Answer

Julia is experiencing empathy, which is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. In this case, Julia is able to connect with Mark's sadness over losing his goldfish and is experiencing similar emotions.

Question 9

In an emotional situation, an infant will often look to a caregiver's facial cues to make a decision about responding.

Accepted Answer

Infants rely heavily on caregiver's facial cues to make sense of emotional situations and decide on how to respond or react. This is because they haven't fully developed the ability to regulate their emotions on their own and need external guidance to navigate them.

Question 10

An event such as a loud noise is an example of a situation when a child might use social referencing.

Accepted Answer

A loud noise can be a sudden and unexpected event that may cause a child to look to those around them for cues on how to react. This is a common situation when a child might use social referencing to determine whether to be scared, upset, or calm.

Question 11

According to the __________ hypothesis, infants look to their caregivers to reduce ambiguity and learn appropriate ways to react in novel social situations.

Accepted Answer

The hypothesis described in the question is known as the social referencing hypothesis, where infants look to their caregivers for guidance in new situations. This is a separate construct from attachment theory and emotional referencing, which focus more on the emotional bond between caregiver and infant. Therefore, the best choice is B, social referencing.

Question 12

Dylan is 15 months old. With respect to Dylan's emotional maturity, a developmentalist would predict that Dylan is experiencing a(n):

Accepted Answer

At 15 months, Dylan is likely experiencing an explosion of his emotional awareness as he becomes more aware of his own and other's emotions. This is a typical development in emotional maturity for infants at this age.

Question 13

Watching a parade for his first time, 1-year-old Frederick doesn't know how to respond when the band passes directly in front of him. To understand what is going on, Fredrick is likely to:

Accepted Answer

Since Frederick is experiencing something new and unfamiliar, it is likely that he will look to his parents for guidance and reassurance. This is a common response for infants who are seeking comfort and security in unfamiliar situations. Option A is possible, but not a guaranteed response, while option C is less likely since covering his ears requires a level of coordination and understanding that Frederick may not possess at his age. Option D is incorrect since there must be a response to the situation, even if it is not one of the given options.

Question 14

It is important to understand the role of social referencing in the first months of the lifespan because helping an infant ________________can make a significant impact on emotional development across the lifespan.

Accepted Answer

Social referencing involves an infant observing the emotional expressions of others in their environment to determine how to respond to different situations. By learning to read emotional cues through social referencing, infants can get on a pathway to healthy emotional development, which can have a significant impact across the lifespan. Therefore, choice C is the best answer as it includes both options A and B.

Question 15

Baby Meghan is 2 weeks old. When her dad plays peek-a-boo with her, she smiles. Baby Meghan's facial expression is an indicator that she is feeling:

Accepted Answer

At 2 weeks old, Baby Meghan is only capable of experiencing primary emotions, such as happiness or sadness. Smiling during peek-a-boo indicates she is feeling a positive, pleasurable emotion in response to her father's playful behavior.

Question 16

Using a caregiver's emotional cue to help understand an uncertain event or stimulus relies on:

Accepted Answer

Social referencing involves using emotional cues from a caregiver or other social partner to understand an uncertain event or stimulus. Parental referencing (A) and caregiver referencing (B) are not precise terms used in psychology. Emotional referencing (D) is not a commonly used term in this context.

Question 17

Piaget believed that infants and young children have no awareness of themselves as separate beings.

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that infants and young children have no awareness of themselves as separate beings, and that they gradually develop this awareness through their interactions with the world around them.

Question 18

Lori continues to play ball in the house after her mom told her several times to only play ball outside. When Lori accidentally knocks over her mother's favorite vase, immediately she has a deep feeling of regret; most likely she feels:

Accepted Answer

Lori most likely feels guilt, which is an emotion that arises when a person realizes that they have done something wrong and feel responsible for their actions. In this scenario, Lori should feel guilty for disobeying her mother's instructions and breaking her mother's vase. Guilt is a normal emotion that can help individuals reflect on their actions and take corrective measures.

Question 19

___________ are two theories developmentalists use to explain why children engage in social referencing.

Accepted Answer

The attachment perspective explains how children form emotional bonds and seek comfort from their caregivers, which influences their social referencing, the process by which they look to caregivers for cues on how to react in unfamiliar situations. The social referencing hypothesis specifically addresses the idea that children use these cues from caregivers to guide their behavior in social contexts.

Question 20

Broadly speaking, thinking about the influence of cultural and social systems on infant development, social referencing is important as a means of:

Accepted Answer

Social referencing is the process by which infants and young children look to their caregivers or other adults to interpret and understand ambiguous situations. Through this process, they begin to learn what is meaningful or important in their particular society, such as what actions are appropriate or inappropriate, what emotions are acceptable to express, and what objects or events hold cultural significance. Social referencing thus plays a crucial role in transmitting cultural and social norms from one generation to the next.

Quiz 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy: The First Two Years