Question 1

What approach is appropriate for interpreting the prostate-specific antigen (PSA)level as a diagnostic factor for prostate cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)The National Cancer Institute used to consider a PSA level of 4.0 ng/mL or lower to be normal, but men with normal PSA levels may still have prostate cancer. PSA levels above 4.0 ng/mL or PSA levels that fluctuate could be an indication of prostate cancer, but it could also indicate prostatitis or urinary tract infection. Therefore, PSA levels must be interpreted in conjunction with the patient's health history and other diagnostic tests to confirm a diagnosis of prostate cancer.
B)The National Cancer Institute used to consider a PSA level of 4.0 ng/mL or lower to be normal, but men with normal PSA levels may still have prostate cancer. PSA levels above 4.0 ng/mL or PSA levels that fluctuate could be an indication of prostate cancer, but it could also indicate prostatitis or urinary tract infection. Therefore, PSA levels must be interpreted in conjunction with the patient's health history and other diagnostic tests to confirm a diagnosis of prostate cancer.
C)The National Cancer Institute used to consider a PSA level of 4.0 ng/mL or lower to be normal, but men with normal PSA levels may still have prostate cancer. PSA levels above 4.0 ng/mL or PSA levels that fluctuate could be an indication of prostate cancer, but it could also indicate prostatitis or urinary tract infection. Therefore, PSA levels must be interpreted in conjunction with the patient's health history and other diagnostic tests to confirm a diagnosis of prostate cancer.
D)The National Cancer Institute used to consider a PSA level of 4.0 ng/mL or lower to be normal, but men with normal PSA levels may still have prostate cancer. PSA levels above 4.0 ng/mL or PSA levels that fluctuate could be an indication of prostate cancer, but it could also indicate prostatitis or urinary tract infection. Therefore, PSA levels must be interpreted in conjunction with the patient's health history and other diagnostic tests to confirm a diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Question 2

What is the primary reason that prostate cancer rarely metastasizes to the bowel?

Accepted Answer

A)Despite its proximity to the rectum, metastasis to the bowel is uncommon in prostate cancer, because a tough sheet of tissue, the Denonvilliers fascia, acts as an effective physical barrier between the bowel and prostate. A rectourethral fistula may develop as a result of treatment for prostate cancer. The inferior vesical artery and capsular artery provide blood to the prostate but not the bowel.
B)Despite its proximity to the rectum, metastasis to the bowel is uncommon in prostate cancer, because a tough sheet of tissue, the Denonvilliers fascia, acts as an effective physical barrier between the bowel and prostate. A rectourethral fistula may develop as a result of treatment for prostate cancer. The inferior vesical artery and capsular artery provide blood to the prostate but not the bowel.
C)Despite its proximity to the rectum, metastasis to the bowel is uncommon in prostate cancer, because a tough sheet of tissue, the Denonvilliers fascia, acts as an effective physical barrier between the bowel and prostate. A rectourethral fistula may develop as a result of treatment for prostate cancer. The inferior vesical artery and capsular artery provide blood to the prostate but not the bowel.
D)Despite its proximity to the rectum, metastasis to the bowel is uncommon in prostate cancer, because a tough sheet of tissue, the Denonvilliers fascia, acts as an effective physical barrier between the bowel and prostate. A rectourethral fistula may develop as a result of treatment for prostate cancer. The inferior vesical artery and capsular artery provide blood to the prostate but not the bowel.

Question 3

The nurse is caring for a 42-year-old male client who was recently diagnosed with prostate cancer. What characteristic of the prostate cancer does the nurse need to be aware of for a client of this age compared to older men with prostate cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)Research has found that prostate cancers that are diagnosed at a younger age tend to be more aggressive, and metastasis may have already occurred, given the advanced disease state at the time of diagnosis. Evidence has not yet shown whether prostate cancer grows more slowly in younger clients or responds to treatment better in younger clients.
B)Research has found that prostate cancers that are diagnosed at a younger age tend to be more aggressive, and metastasis may have already occurred, given the advanced disease state at the time of diagnosis. Evidence has not yet shown whether prostate cancer grows more slowly in younger clients or responds to treatment better in younger clients.
C)Research has found that prostate cancers that are diagnosed at a younger age tend to be more aggressive, and metastasis may have already occurred, given the advanced disease state at the time of diagnosis. Evidence has not yet shown whether prostate cancer grows more slowly in younger clients or responds to treatment better in younger clients.
D)Research has found that prostate cancers that are diagnosed at a younger age tend to be more aggressive, and metastasis may have already occurred, given the advanced disease state at the time of diagnosis. Evidence has not yet shown whether prostate cancer grows more slowly in younger clients or responds to treatment better in younger clients.

Question 4

A client in sickle cell crisis reports taking a recent skiing trip that caused a respiratory infection from the cold weather. The client reports a pain level of 8 on a pain scale from 1 to 10. Which nursing diagnosis is a priority for this client?

Accepted Answer

A)The priority for this client would be pain. The client has reportedly been skiing, which would be in an area of high altitude, which is contraindicated for someone with sickle cell. This client appears to have a knowledge deficit about self-care. This diagnosis, however, does not take priority. There is no evidence from the information given that the client has fluid volume excess or is at risk for self-mutilation.
B)The priority for this client would be pain. The client has reportedly been skiing, which would be in an area of high altitude, which is contraindicated for someone with sickle cell. This client appears to have a knowledge deficit about self-care. This diagnosis, however, does not take priority. There is no evidence from the information given that the client has fluid volume excess or is at risk for self-mutilation.
C)The priority for this client would be pain. The client has reportedly been skiing, which would be in an area of high altitude, which is contraindicated for someone with sickle cell. This client appears to have a knowledge deficit about self-care. This diagnosis, however, does not take priority. There is no evidence from the information given that the client has fluid volume excess or is at risk for self-mutilation.
D)The priority for this client would be pain. The client has reportedly been skiing, which would be in an area of high altitude, which is contraindicated for someone with sickle cell. This client appears to have a knowledge deficit about self-care. This diagnosis, however, does not take priority. There is no evidence from the information given that the client has fluid volume excess or is at risk for self-mutilation.

Question 5

The nurse is assigned to care for a client with sickle cell disease who is being admitted with splenic sequestration crisis. Which room would be the most appropriate for this client?

Accepted Answer

A)Splenic sequestration can be life-threatening, and there is profound anemia. The client should not be placed in a room with any other client who might have an infectious illness, so a semi-private room is not appropriate. A private room is appropriate for this client. The client is not contagious; therefore, neither airborne nor contact isolation is necessary.
B)Splenic sequestration can be life-threatening, and there is profound anemia. The client should not be placed in a room with any other client who might have an infectious illness, so a semi-private room is not appropriate. A private room is appropriate for this client. The client is not contagious; therefore, neither airborne nor contact isolation is necessary.
C)Splenic sequestration can be life-threatening, and there is profound anemia. The client should not be placed in a room with any other client who might have an infectious illness, so a semi-private room is not appropriate. A private room is appropriate for this client. The client is not contagious; therefore, neither airborne nor contact isolation is necessary.
D)Splenic sequestration can be life-threatening, and there is profound anemia. The client should not be placed in a room with any other client who might have an infectious illness, so a semi-private room is not appropriate. A private room is appropriate for this client. The client is not contagious; therefore, neither airborne nor contact isolation is necessary.

Question 6

The nurse is preparing an educational program on risk factors for the development of prostate cancer. Which information will the nurse include as being the greatest risk factor for developing prostate cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)The greatest risk for developing prostate cancer is age. Prostate cancer affects one out of every eight men over the age of 70. Genetics, vasectomy, and a diet high in fat are also risk factors.
B)The greatest risk for developing prostate cancer is age. Prostate cancer affects one out of every eight men over the age of 70. Genetics, vasectomy, and a diet high in fat are also risk factors.
C)The greatest risk for developing prostate cancer is age. Prostate cancer affects one out of every eight men over the age of 70. Genetics, vasectomy, and a diet high in fat are also risk factors.
D)The greatest risk for developing prostate cancer is age. Prostate cancer affects one out of every eight men over the age of 70. Genetics, vasectomy, and a diet high in fat are also risk factors.

Question 7

Parents of a newborn infant are concerned that their baby may have sickle cell disease. The nurse reviews the medical record and finds that both parents have the sickle cell trait. Which is the best response for the nurse to give the parents?

Accepted Answer

A)In the United States, newborn screening for sickle cell disease is mandatory. Therefore, the nurse can assure the parents that the baby will be tested so they know for sure if the baby has sickle cell disease. Because both parents only have sickle cell trait, the baby has a 25% chance of having sickle cell disease.
B)In the United States, newborn screening for sickle cell disease is mandatory. Therefore, the nurse can assure the parents that the baby will be tested so they know for sure if the baby has sickle cell disease. Because both parents only have sickle cell trait, the baby has a 25% chance of having sickle cell disease.
C)In the United States, newborn screening for sickle cell disease is mandatory. Therefore, the nurse can assure the parents that the baby will be tested so they know for sure if the baby has sickle cell disease. Because both parents only have sickle cell trait, the baby has a 25% chance of having sickle cell disease.
D)In the United States, newborn screening for sickle cell disease is mandatory. Therefore, the nurse can assure the parents that the baby will be tested so they know for sure if the baby has sickle cell disease. Because both parents only have sickle cell trait, the baby has a 25% chance of having sickle cell disease.

Question 8

The nurse is caring for a 72-year-old client who was just diagnosed with early stage lung cancer. What is an important independent nursing intervention that can improve the client's prognosis?

Accepted Answer

A)Studies have indicated that delays in the time from diagnosis to initiation of treatment may affect the patient's prognosis in older adults. Delays in diagnosis and treatment should be avoided to prevent the risk of disease progression. A smoking cessation therapy group could be helpful, but at this client's age and recent diagnosis, a therapy group is not as important as initiating treatment. A nutritional diet could also be helpful, but it likely will not affect the prognosis significantly. Support groups can provide emotional support to the client, but this will not improve the client's prognosis as much as early treatment.
B)Studies have indicated that delays in the time from diagnosis to initiation of treatment may affect the patient's prognosis in older adults. Delays in diagnosis and treatment should be avoided to prevent the risk of disease progression. A smoking cessation therapy group could be helpful, but at this client's age and recent diagnosis, a therapy group is not as important as initiating treatment. A nutritional diet could also be helpful, but it likely will not affect the prognosis significantly. Support groups can provide emotional support to the client, but this will not improve the client's prognosis as much as early treatment.
C)Studies have indicated that delays in the time from diagnosis to initiation of treatment may affect the patient's prognosis in older adults. Delays in diagnosis and treatment should be avoided to prevent the risk of disease progression. A smoking cessation therapy group could be helpful, but at this client's age and recent diagnosis, a therapy group is not as important as initiating treatment. A nutritional diet could also be helpful, but it likely will not affect the prognosis significantly. Support groups can provide emotional support to the client, but this will not improve the client's prognosis as much as early treatment.
D)Studies have indicated that delays in the time from diagnosis to initiation of treatment may affect the patient's prognosis in older adults. Delays in diagnosis and treatment should be avoided to prevent the risk of disease progression. A smoking cessation therapy group could be helpful, but at this client's age and recent diagnosis, a therapy group is not as important as initiating treatment. A nutritional diet could also be helpful, but it likely will not affect the prognosis significantly. Support groups can provide emotional support to the client, but this will not improve the client's prognosis as much as early treatment.

Question 9

The nurse is planning care for a client scheduled for a prostatectomy. The client's spouse wants to know if the client will have any limitations after the surgery. Which complications is the client likely to have that should be incorporated into his plan of care? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)Following a prostatectomy, the client is most at risk for sexual dysfunction and urinary stress incontinence. There is no reason to suspect that this client is at risk for constipation or falls. Gynecomastia is a side effect of treatment with estrogen compounds, not surgery.
B)Following a prostatectomy, the client is most at risk for pain, sexual dysfunction, and urinary stress incontinence. There is no reason to suspect that this client is at risk for constipation or falls. Gynecomastia is a side effect of treatment with estrogen compounds, not surgery.
C)Following a prostatectomy, the client is most at risk for pain, sexual dysfunction, and urinary stress incontinence. There is no reason to suspect that this client is at risk for constipation or falls. Gynecomastia is a side effect of treatment with estrogen compounds, not surgery.
D)Following a prostatectomy, the client is most at risk for pain, sexual dysfunction, and urinary stress incontinence. There is no reason to suspect that this client is at risk for constipation or falls. Gynecomastia is a side effect of treatment with estrogen compounds, not surgery.
E)Following a prostatectomy, the client is most at risk for pain, sexual dysfunction, and urinary stress incontinence. There is no reason to suspect that this client is at risk for constipation or falls. Gynecomastia is a side effect of treatment with estrogen compounds, not surgery.

Question 10

A client with prostate cancer is being discharged from the hospital. Which educational topic is inappropriate for this client?

Accepted Answer

A)When providing discharge instructions to the client with prostate cancer, the nurse will teach the client and his family methods of pain control and stress the importance of keeping client appointments with healthcare providers. The nurse will also provide the client and his family information on support groups. The nurse does not have authorization to provide information on doses of complementary herbs.
B)When providing discharge instructions to the client with prostate cancer, the nurse will teach the client and his family methods of pain control and stress the importance of keeping client appointments with healthcare providers. The nurse will also provide the client and his family information on support groups. The nurse does not have authorization to provide information on doses of complementary herbs.
C)When providing discharge instructions to the client with prostate cancer, the nurse will teach the client and his family methods of pain control and stress the importance of keeping client appointments with healthcare providers. The nurse will also provide the client and his family information on support groups. The nurse does not have authorization to provide information on doses of complementary herbs.
D)When providing discharge instructions to the client with prostate cancer, the nurse will teach the client and his family methods of pain control and stress the importance of keeping client appointments with healthcare providers. The nurse will also provide the client and his family information on support groups. The nurse does not have authorization to provide information on doses of complementary herbs.

Question 11

A nurse is screening a client for prostate cancer. Which assessment findings would cause the nurse to suspect that the client has prostate cancer? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)Unfortunately, many clients with prostate cancer remain undiagnosed until the cancer is well established. Hematuria, back pain, bilateral lower extremity weakness, and fatigue are symptoms associated with prostate cancer.
B)Unfortunately, many clients with prostate cancer remain undiagnosed until the cancer is well established. Hematuria, back pain, bilateral lower extremity weakness, and fatigue are symptoms associated with prostate cancer.
C)Unfortunately, many clients with prostate cancer remain undiagnosed until the cancer is well established. Hematuria, back pain, bilateral lower extremity weakness, and fatigue are symptoms associated with prostate cancer.
D)Unfortunately, many clients with prostate cancer remain undiagnosed until the cancer is well established. Hematuria, back pain, bilateral lower extremity weakness, and fatigue are symptoms associated with prostate cancer.
E)Unfortunately, many clients with prostate cancer remain undiagnosed until the cancer is well established. Hematuria, back pain, bilateral lower extremity weakness, and fatigue are symptoms associated with prostate cancer.

Question 12

The nurse is assessing a client for symptoms of prostate cancer. Which symptoms would indicate the client is experiencing an enlarged prostate? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)Symptoms of an enlarged prostate include hematuria, dysuria, reduction in urinary stream, nocturia, frequency of urination, and abnormal size of prostate on digital exam. The other choices are related to metastasis and metabolic changes.
B)Symptoms of an enlarged prostate include hematuria, dysuria, reduction in urinary stream, nocturia, frequency of urination, and abnormal size of prostate on digital exam. The other choices are related to metastasis and metabolic changes.
C)Symptoms of an enlarged prostate include hematuria, dysuria, reduction in urinary stream, nocturia, frequency of urination, and abnormal size of prostate on digital exam. The other choices are related to metastasis and metabolic changes.
D)Symptoms of an enlarged prostate include hematuria, dysuria, reduction in urinary stream, nocturia, frequency of urination, and abnormal size of prostate on digital exam. The other choices are related to metastasis and metabolic changes.
E)Symptoms of an enlarged prostate include hematuria, dysuria, reduction in urinary stream, nocturia, frequency of urination, and abnormal size of prostate on digital exam. The other choices are related to metastasis and metabolic changes.

Question 13

While receiving discharge teaching, an adult client recovering from a prostatectomy is distressed to learn that episodes of incontinence may occur. Which should the nurse teach the client to help minimize incontinence?

Accepted Answer

A)Urinary incontinence after surgery is not unexpected. Teaching the client Kegel exercises is the best way to help him eliminate or reduce occasions of stress incontinence. Restricting fluids may cause further urinary problems and is not advised. Medication and Foley catheters are not appropriate long-term treatments for this complication.
B)Urinary incontinence after surgery is not unexpected. Teaching the client Kegel exercises is the best way to help him eliminate or reduce occasions of stress incontinence. Restricting fluids may cause further urinary problems and is not advised. Medication and Foley catheters are not appropriate long-term treatments for this complication.
C)Urinary incontinence after surgery is not unexpected. Teaching the client Kegel exercises is the best way to help him eliminate or reduce occasions of stress incontinence. Restricting fluids may cause further urinary problems and is not advised. Medication and Foley catheters are not appropriate long-term treatments for this complication.
D)Urinary incontinence after surgery is not unexpected. Teaching the client Kegel exercises is the best way to help him eliminate or reduce occasions of stress incontinence. Restricting fluids may cause further urinary problems and is not advised. Medication and Foley catheters are not appropriate long-term treatments for this complication.

Question 14

A nursing instructor is teaching a group of student nurses about the risk factors for prostate cancer. Which statement will the nursing instructor include?

Accepted Answer

A)African Americans are at a particularly high risk for developing prostate cancer. Approximately one in eight men ages 70 and older will be diagnosed with prostate cancer. A diet high in dairy increases a man's risk for developing prostate cancer.
B)African Americans are at a particularly high risk for developing prostate cancer. Approximately one in eight men ages 70 and older will be diagnosed with prostate cancer. A diet high in dairy increases a man's risk for developing prostate cancer.
C)African Americans are at a particularly high risk for developing prostate cancer. Approximately one in eight men ages 70 and older will be diagnosed with prostate cancer. A diet high in dairy increases a man's risk for developing prostate cancer.
D)African Americans are at a particularly high risk for developing prostate cancer. Approximately one in eight men ages 70 and older will be diagnosed with prostate cancer. A diet high in dairy increases a man's risk for developing prostate cancer.

Question 15

The client with lung cancer who presents with dysphagia likely has a tumor located where?

Accepted Answer

A)Signs and symptoms can provide an indication of the location of the tumor associated with lung cancer. Dull, aching chest pain occurs as the tumor spreads to the mediastinum. Pleuritic pain occurs when the pleura is invaded. Hoarseness indicates pressure on the trachea. Dysphagia indicates pressure on the esophagus.
B)Signs and symptoms can provide an indication of the location of the tumor associated with lung cancer. Dull, aching chest pain occurs as the tumor spreads to the mediastinum. Pleuritic pain occurs when the pleura is invaded. Hoarseness indicates pressure on the trachea. Dysphagia indicates pressure on the esophagus.
C)Signs and symptoms can provide an indication of the location of the tumor associated with lung cancer. Dull, aching chest pain occurs as the tumor spreads to the mediastinum. Pleuritic pain occurs when the pleura is invaded. Hoarseness indicates pressure on the trachea. Dysphagia indicates pressure on the esophagus.
D)Signs and symptoms can provide an indication of the location of the tumor associated with lung cancer. Dull, aching chest pain occurs as the tumor spreads to the mediastinum. Pleuritic pain occurs when the pleura is invaded. Hoarseness indicates pressure on the trachea. Dysphagia indicates pressure on the esophagus.

Question 16

The nurse is providing discharge teaching to an older adult client with lung cancer. What changes in activities of daily living can the nurse suggest to help the older adult maintain independence?

Accepted Answer

A)Lung cancer reduces the amount of functional lung tissue, leading to activity intolerance when oxygen supply is insufficient. The nurse should teach the client ways to conserve energy, such as sitting on a shower chair while showering. Wearing slip-on shoes and shirts, not shoes with laces or shirts with buttons, can help conserve energy. Self-leveling spoons are important for individuals who have hand tremors; they do not help conserve energy when feeding.
B)Lung cancer reduces the amount of functional lung tissue, leading to activity intolerance when oxygen supply is insufficient. The nurse should teach the client ways to conserve energy, such as sitting on a shower chair while showering. Wearing slip-on shoes and shirts, not shoes with laces or shirts with buttons, can help conserve energy. Self-leveling spoons are important for individuals who have hand tremors; they do not help conserve energy when feeding.
C)Lung cancer reduces the amount of functional lung tissue, leading to activity intolerance when oxygen supply is insufficient. The nurse should teach the client ways to conserve energy, such as sitting on a shower chair while showering. Wearing slip-on shoes and shirts, not shoes with laces or shirts with buttons, can help conserve energy. Self-leveling spoons are important for individuals who have hand tremors; they do not help conserve energy when feeding.
D)Lung cancer reduces the amount of functional lung tissue, leading to activity intolerance when oxygen supply is insufficient. The nurse should teach the client ways to conserve energy, such as sitting on a shower chair while showering. Wearing slip-on shoes and shirts, not shoes with laces or shirts with buttons, can help conserve energy. Self-leveling spoons are important for individuals who have hand tremors; they do not help conserve energy when feeding.

Question 17

A 73-year-old man was just diagnosed with stage II prostate cancer. The client's wife hears the word "cancer" and immediately begins crying. She says, "How long does he have to live?" Which response by the nurse is appropriate?

Accepted Answer

A)In an older man with a lower stage of cancer at diagnosis, the cancer is likely slow-growing, and he is more likely to die from other preexisting comorbidities than from the cancer itself. Therefore, the nurse cannot predict how long the client may live after diagnosis. Prostate cancer is usually aggressive in younger men, not older men. Early-stage prostate cancer in older men may not be treated aggressively. Instead, the healthcare team may take a more conservative "watchful waiting" approach, depending on other health conditions. It is not within the nurse's scope of practice to suggest aggressive treatment strategies. The nurse should not dismiss the client's or client's family's concerns by telling them to not worry.
B)In an older man with a lower stage of cancer at diagnosis, the cancer is likely slow-growing, and he is more likely to die from other preexisting comorbidities than from the cancer itself. Therefore, the nurse cannot predict how long the client may live after diagnosis. Prostate cancer is usually aggressive in younger men, not older men. Early-stage prostate cancer in older men may not be treated aggressively. Instead, the healthcare team may take a more conservative "watchful waiting" approach, depending on other health conditions. It is not within the nurse's scope of practice to suggest aggressive treatment strategies. The nurse should not dismiss the client's or client's family's concerns by telling them to not worry.
C)In an older man with a lower stage of cancer at diagnosis, the cancer is likely slow-growing, and he is more likely to die from other preexisting comorbidities than from the cancer itself. Therefore, the nurse cannot predict how long the client may live after diagnosis. Prostate cancer is usually aggressive in younger men, not older men. Early-stage prostate cancer in older men may not be treated aggressively. Instead, the healthcare team may take a more conservative "watchful waiting" approach, depending on other health conditions. It is not within the nurse's scope of practice to suggest aggressive treatment strategies. The nurse should not dismiss the client's or client's family's concerns by telling them to not worry.
D)In an older man with a lower stage of cancer at diagnosis, the cancer is likely slow-growing, and he is more likely to die from other preexisting comorbidities than from the cancer itself. Therefore, the nurse cannot predict how long the client may live after diagnosis. Prostate cancer is usually aggressive in younger men, not older men. Early-stage prostate cancer in older men may not be treated aggressively. Instead, the healthcare team may take a more conservative "watchful waiting" approach, depending on other health conditions. It is not within the nurse's scope of practice to suggest aggressive treatment strategies. The nurse should not dismiss the client's or client's family's concerns by telling them to not worry.

Question 18

A client is admitted to the emergency department in a sickle cell crisis. The nurse assesses the client and documents the following clinical findings: temperature 102°F, O₂ saturation of 89%, and complaints of severe abdominal pain. Based on the assessment findings, which intervention is the greatest priority?

Accepted Answer

A)Hypoxia is often the cause of a sickle cell crisis from the clumping of damaged RBCs, which creates an obstruction and hypoxia distal to the clumping. Administering the oxygen will improve the pain and increase the oxygen saturation of body tissues. Therefore, applying the oxygen should be the first action by the nurse. Although the temperature is elevated and will increase oxygen demands in the body by increased basal metabolic activity, administering Tylenol is not the first action the nurse should take, because a sickle cell crisis is caused by oxygen deprivation in tissues, not by the fever. Morphine sulfate is a narcotic for pain, but it should be given after the oxygen is started, since the symptoms are caused by hypoxia. The morphine will decrease the pain and decrease metabolic oxygen needs by decreasing basal metabolic rates; therefore, supply is increased and demand is increased. Full body assessment, including peripheral pulses, is significant to identify the location of the potential obstruction, but this is secondary to treating the hypoxia that is known to be present from the sickling of the cells during sickle cell crisis.
B)Hypoxia is often the cause of a sickle cell crisis from the clumping of damaged RBCs, which creates an obstruction and hypoxia distal to the clumping. Administering the oxygen will improve the pain and increase the oxygen saturation of body tissues. Therefore, applying the oxygen should be the first action by the nurse. Although the temperature is elevated and will increase oxygen demands in the body by increased basal metabolic activity, administering Tylenol is not the first action the nurse should take, because a sickle cell crisis is caused by oxygen deprivation in tissues, not by the fever. Morphine sulfate is a narcotic for pain, but it should be given after the oxygen is started, since the symptoms are caused by hypoxia. The morphine will decrease the pain and decrease metabolic oxygen needs by decreasing basal metabolic rates; therefore, supply is increased and demand is increased. Full body assessment, including peripheral pulses, is significant to identify the location of the potential obstruction, but this is secondary to treating the hypoxia that is known to be present from the sickling of the cells during sickle cell crisis.
C)Hypoxia is often the cause of a sickle cell crisis from the clumping of damaged RBCs, which creates an obstruction and hypoxia distal to the clumping. Administering the oxygen will improve the pain and increase the oxygen saturation of body tissues. Therefore, applying the oxygen should be the first action by the nurse. Although the temperature is elevated and will increase oxygen demands in the body by increased basal metabolic activity, administering Tylenol is not the first action the nurse should take, because a sickle cell crisis is caused by oxygen deprivation in tissues, not by the fever. Morphine sulfate is a narcotic for pain, but it should be given after the oxygen is started, since the symptoms are caused by hypoxia. The morphine will decrease the pain and decrease metabolic oxygen needs by decreasing basal metabolic rates; therefore, supply is increased and demand is increased. Full body assessment, including peripheral pulses, is significant to identify the location of the potential obstruction, but this is secondary to treating the hypoxia that is known to be present from the sickling of the cells during sickle cell crisis.
D)Hypoxia is often the cause of a sickle cell crisis from the clumping of damaged RBCs, which creates an obstruction and hypoxia distal to the clumping. Administering the oxygen will improve the pain and increase the oxygen saturation of body tissues. Therefore, applying the oxygen should be the first action by the nurse. Although the temperature is elevated and will increase oxygen demands in the body by increased basal metabolic activity, administering Tylenol is not the first action the nurse should take, because a sickle cell crisis is caused by oxygen deprivation in tissues, not by the fever. Morphine sulfate is a narcotic for pain, but it should be given after the oxygen is started, since the symptoms are caused by hypoxia. The morphine will decrease the pain and decrease metabolic oxygen needs by decreasing basal metabolic rates; therefore, supply is increased and demand is increased. Full body assessment, including peripheral pulses, is significant to identify the location of the potential obstruction, but this is secondary to treating the hypoxia that is known to be present from the sickling of the cells during sickle cell crisis.

Question 19

Which hormone(s)is (are)believed to have a role in the development of prostate cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)Androgens are hormones synthesized in the testes and adrenal cortex in males that promote expression of male sex characteristics. They are believed to have a role in the development of prostate cancer. Estrogens, endorphins, and prolactin have not been linked to the development of prostate cancer.
B)Androgens are hormones synthesized in the testes and adrenal cortex in males that promote expression of male sex characteristics. They are believed to have a role in the development of prostate cancer. Estrogens, endorphins, and prolactin have not been linked to the development of prostate cancer.
C)Androgens are hormones synthesized in the testes and adrenal cortex in males that promote expression of male sex characteristics. They are believed to have a role in the development of prostate cancer. Estrogens, endorphins, and prolactin have not been linked to the development of prostate cancer.
D)Androgens are hormones synthesized in the testes and adrenal cortex in males that promote expression of male sex characteristics. They are believed to have a role in the development of prostate cancer. Estrogens, endorphins, and prolactin have not been linked to the development of prostate cancer.

Question 20

A nurse educator is teaching a group of parents how to prevent a sickle cell crisis in the child with sickle cell disease. What precipitating factors that could contribute to a sickle cell crisis should the nurse teach the parents? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)Fever, stress, and altitude are some of the precipitating factors that contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Increased fluid intake is recommended for a child with sickle cell disease and will not contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Cold temperatures, not warm temperatures, are a trigger for sickle cell crisis.
B)Fever, stress, and altitude are some of the precipitating factors that contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Increased fluid intake is recommended for a child with sickle cell disease and will not contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Cold temperatures, not warm temperatures, are a trigger for sickle cell crisis.
C)Fever, stress, and altitude are some of the precipitating factors that contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Increased fluid intake is recommended for a child with sickle cell disease and will not contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Cold temperatures, not warm temperatures, are a trigger for sickle cell crisis.
D)Fever, stress, and altitude are some of the precipitating factors that contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Increased fluid intake is recommended for a child with sickle cell disease and will not contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Cold temperatures, not warm temperatures, are a trigger for sickle cell crisis.
E)Fever, stress, and altitude are some of the precipitating factors that contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Increased fluid intake is recommended for a child with sickle cell disease and will not contribute to a sickle cell crisis. Cold temperatures, not warm temperatures, are a trigger for sickle cell crisis.

Quiz 2: Cellular Regulation

What approach is appropriate for interpreting the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level as a diagnostic factor for prostate cancer?